Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 23

Contextual investigation Example As a chief of the organization, my first activity will be to have a conventional chatting with Fred about his activities and the results of his activities to the organization. I will likewise underscore of moral qualities and regard for other people, which is the best degree of respectability in any association. As a major aspect of his working condition terms, one central commitment to the organization is to show elevated level of uprightness and follow the channels of airing his perspectives as opposed to causing purposeful deferrals and blunders in his work. I will in conclusion consider bringing his compensation up in request to guarantee that he is additionally persuaded (Yin 34). All together for the bank to legitimize its reactions on the charges sent to the EEOC by Ruth, it needs to give proof that there were not segregation in the excusal of Ruth Wittman based on her shading or some other illegitimate premise. The principal report that the bank should present to the EEOC is the truancy record of Ruth; this will likewise help in concealing light on the charges that she was continually missing and late. Another archive that the back ought to give is the record of all other employees’ non-attendance just as occupation designation conspire. Another fundamental archive that the bank ought to submit is the 54 separate directing event of Ruth just as other guiding events of her associate so as to legitimize that its activities were legitimate. On the off chance that I were the EEOC District Director, I would initially dissect the introduced reports about the non-appearance and lateness of Ruth Wittman. I would then contrast it and different workers of the bank and note the recurrence of the nonappearance and lateness of different representatives also. I will likewise request the bank to demonstrate that it followed the lawful technique for excusal of a worker. This will incorporate the arrangement of a notice letter and being given the excusal letter inside the necessary timeframe before overseeing the excusal procedure. In the event that the excusal was done in an unlawful manner, I

The Road to Abolishing HUAC Essay -- ACLU American Civil Liberties Uni

The Road to Abolishing HUAC: A Comparison of the American Civil Liberties Union and the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee The historical backdrop of the United States in the twentieth century was fundamentally affected by the activities of common freedoms associations. Be that as it may, during the rule of the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) during the 1950s, common freedoms associations traded off their standards and didn't dissent HUAC’s constraint of common freedoms. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) cleansed its Communist individuals and supporters, approved congressional examining advisory groups, and neglected to guard people whose common freedoms had been abbreviated. In spite of the fact that the ACLU looked to blame McCarthy and required the cancelation of HUAC, its approaches had moved to one side and it once in a while made direct move against HUAC. Accordingly, a few previous individuals from the ACLU made the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee (ECLC) in 1951 to get the activity dropped by the ACLU. Corliss Lamont, an intense protector of common freedoms who left the ACLU for the ECLC, claims that he â€Å"remained on the Board [of the ALCU] and battled for crucial common freedoms standards as long as [he] was capable to†¦[but] was battling a losing battle† (Freedom 278). By 1957, the ECLC devoted its assets to abrogating HUAC however couldn't connect with the ACLU in its crusade. One inquiries why the ECLC was dynamic in the judgment of HUAC during the 1950s, however the ACLU was most certainly not. Students of history include refered to against Communism inside the Union, a craving to protect its notoriety, and the Union’s absence of assets as reasons why it was not associated with a nullification crusade. Research best backings the case that the ACLU didn't joi... ...LU. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1999. Samuel Walker is a Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. He earned a Ph.D. in American History and is the writer of books on common freedoms, policing, and criminal equity. He is additionally an individual from the ACLU and this book is suggested in Ellen Shrecker’s Age of McCarthyism. He guarantees the ACLU was dormant during the Cold War due to feeble initiative, misguided thinking, a push to keep the ACLU liberated from socialism, and the conviction that participation with the legislature was the most ideal approach to shield common freedoms. That he is an individual from the ACLU loans inquiries to the objectivity of his examination; William Donohue takes note of that the book â€Å"demonstrates as much freedom of suspected as would a tract composed by a senior individual from the Pentagon on the historical backdrop of the Department of Defense†.

8,726,400 SOS The Conscious Subconscious

8,726,400 SOS The Conscious Subconscious *written by a 21 as a part of the 8,726,400 Seconds of Summer guest post series* After finishing my freshmen year, I followed the common path of UROPing on campus this summer. I lived at home (about 35 minutes on a good day) and commuted into Cambridge, resulting in the traffic survivor I am today. My UROP was in one of the biotech labs and this initiated me into the 9 to 5 world, something I thought would be easy. At the beginning of this initiating process there was a lot to get used to and a lot of conflicting feelings, now nearing the end of my UROP I have truly enjoyed my time, but it took the beginning weeks to appreciate it. Here I illustrate some of the thoughts I have felt this summer. The Conscious Subconscious Lab coat goggles gloves, lab coat goggles gloves, What will I do today? I hope I don’t mess up Ethanol, check cells, please don’t die, please don’t die Split cells Aspirate, don’t touch anything, stay sterile Quick but sterile, quick, but sterile Please don’t die cells, please don’t die Lab coat goggles gloves, lab coat goggles gloves, 5 wake up call, why do I do this I have to workout, for the team, for me Hang clean, squat repeat Practice, wow I can’t do anything well today? Am I getting better, I can’t let the team down, can’t let coach down, can’t let myself down I want to do big things, need to get better, am getting better Must get up at 5 Lab coat goggles gloves, lab coat goggles gloves, Will I get out at 5 today? Lab coat goggles gloves, lab coat goggles gloves, Hopefully the day will move quickly Lab coat goggles gloves, lab coat goggles gloves, Can I see myself do this for the rest of my life? Lab coat goggles gloves, lab coat goggles gloves, 4 more days until the weekend Lab coat goggles gloves, lab coat goggles gloves, Should I get a PhD or MD, should I go into industry or university Lab coat goggles gloves, lab coat goggles gloves What will the traffic be like today? Shorts or pants? 1hr 1.5hrs 2hrs Cereal or parfait? Should I buy lunch? Probably not, too many calories and dollars I should go, I don’t want traffic to get worse Time to continue my book on tape Gas, break, gas, break, 495, 90, exit 18, Vassar Vassar, exit 18, 90, 495, gas, break, gas, break Ugh, Friday nights are the worst I can’t wait to be home and see my family I wonder what is for dinner Will we play any board games, too tired. Time to go to bed, up early Gas, break, gas, break, 495, 90, exit 18, Vassar Vassar, exit 18, 90, 495, gas, break, gas, break Lab coat goggles gloves, lab coat goggles gloves, Lab coat goggles gloves, lab coat goggles gloves, Post Tagged #8726400 Seconds of Summer #A Day In The Life Of #P O E T R Y

Negotiation Scenario - 1097 Words

Real World Negotiation - A Family Vacation All Inclusive, 7 night vacation in the Mayan Riviera; heaven†¦ with family! A total of 15 people decided to plan a vacation. Throw a few people that are extremely stubborn with a few that are picky and some that are price sensitive and you have a messy multiparty negotiation. Luckily we all agreed on the location quickly as most of the group has not travelled there before. Out of the 15 people, 7 were the decision makers / negotiators – those are the ones that had to agree on date, price and hotel. In addition, one couple was unable to join us until a few days later so some people wanted a date that is closest to them and others were deciding strictly on price. The parties negotiating†¦show more content†¦Luckily as we were about to book, the price for the Sunday flight went down below the Saturday flight. The final price for those travelling Sunday and Monday was $955 – higher than my target but below my re servation point. This lifted the tension and all parties were now satisfied with the outcome as it was well below our reservation point and we all paid equally. One of the more patient group members acted as a mediator and heard both sides and tried to find alternatives. Walking away from the situation helped as well – we would end the discussion and resume it at another time when everyone was calm. It also helped that we were prepared. When each person was presenting an argument they had solid facts to support it – this made it difficult to argue against some of their points but ultimately it was better overall for the group. At times it was also really difficult to understand the other person’s point of view as it did not align with ours. In my opinion, from a financial perspective, those that are indifferent to the price point should be considerate to those that are sensitive to price. The point is we are all going on vacation together and the goal is t o have fun. Overall the negotiation has not affected the group. There was some tension during the process itself, but after we booked, it seemed that theShow MoreRelatedConflict Negotiation Scenario1023 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Running head: CONFLICT NEGOTIATION SCENARIO Conflict Negotiation Scenario University of Phoenix HCS587 Conflict Negotiation Scenario TradeStation Securities is an online brokerage company where I was employed as the Client Service Director in charge of the Florida and Chicago Client Service Associates which, totaled 90 employees. Due to the strict rules and regulations of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) any employee handling brokerage accounts for customers must haveRead MoreNegotiation Process For College Students1488 Words   |  6 Pageswitnessing a wide variety of negotiations almost on a daily basis. Harvard University defines negotiation as the following: â€Å"Negotiation is a deliberative process between two or more actors that seek a solution to a common issue or who are bartering over an item of value. Negotiation skills include the range of negotiation techniques negotiators employ to create value and claim value in their deal making business negotiations and beyond† (Harvard.edu). The following two scenarios illustrate the use ofRead More Negotiations and Decision-making E ssay examples1100 Words   |  5 Pageson decision-making. Likewise, the same can be stated regarding the search for information pertaining to negotiations and decision-making. For example, a Google search of the key words â€Å"negotiations/decision-making† garnered over ten million results! 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Experiences through business negotiations, even if subconsciously, often determine the outcomesRead MoreA Brief Note On Intergroup Conflict And Its Effect On Society1739 Words   |  7 Pagesfear and anger used by President Clinton ended this negotiation with a weaker outcome for the United States (Cremer, 2012). This tactic used by President Clinton can be considered either ruthless or worthy depending on how it is perceived to be affecting the opposing party. â€Å"This type of conflict is often referred to as intergroup conflict, which is one of the most complex levels of conflicts† (Lewicki, 2011). In the completion of this negotiation it terminated with minimal success on either sideRead MoreLeveraging Emotion in Negotiation1425 Words   |  6 PagesHackley. Leveraging Emotion in Negotiation. Harvard Business School (2006) Adler, Rosen, Silverstein, Emotions in Negotiation: How to Manage Fear and Anger, Negotiation Journal, 14:2 (April 1998), pp. 161-179. Conflict resolution. http://www. conflictresoultionjournal.org 2006, Jan. 27 Leveraging Emotion in Negotiation. Harvard Business School (2006) Susan Hackley. Introduction At some point in each of our lives we all have to hit the negotiation path and run. It is to our benefitRead MoreNegotiation : Team Exercise And Negotiation753 Words   |  4 PagesConflict Resolution Dr. Francis Trascritti, Phd. Team Exercise; Negotiation Heather Bradley Belhaven University October 10, 2015 â€Æ' Team Exercise; Negotiation Whether it is at work, church or in our private relationships, negotiations are a necessary tool for reaching an agreement. They are made by discussing each parties point of view with the aim being to reach an agreement that is mutually beneficial. For the most part, negotiation is the process by which those people involved successfully adoptRead MoreCase Study : The Pacific Oil Company Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom emerging suppliers. Furthermore, Pacific Oil would push for a long term contract. The two people representing Pacific Oil, Mr. Fontaine and Mr. Gaudin, began the negotiation with the expectation that they would not experience significant issues or challenges. Pacific Oil: Fontaine and Gaudin In February 1982, negotiations began to extend the four-year contract beyond the December 31, 1982. (Roy J. Lewicki, 2007) Mr. Jean Fontaine, the marketing vice president in Europe, conferred with PaulRead MoreIntegrative Negotiations Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesJournal- Harborco Background: In this negotiation exercise, I was assigned as the Seaborne Governor’s negotiator as part of a six member party meeting to negotiate a deal with Harborco to build and operate a deepwater port off the coast of Seaborne. The Governor on the whole was very interested in seeing this deepwater port built in Seaborne as she believes that the size of the project would provide the stimulus for a dramatic recovery in the state. However, as there were manyRead MoreA Big Goal For Lee Medical Supply1619 Words   |  7 PagesA big goal for Lee Medical Supply in this negotiation is to ensure that the critical issues that could potentially affect the future of Lee Medical Supply be worked out in such a way that not only capitalize upon the strengths of Lee Medical Supply, but remain truthful to our corporate character, which is vital for our reputation, and being able to continue to do business in Thailand. Effective preplanning will be essential to this successful negotiation that begins with filling out the utilization

Simon Boliver The Revolutionary Leader - 912 Words

South American leader, Simà ³n Bolà ­ver is considered a revolutionary leader and commonly known as a â€Å"Liberator† to Latin Americans due to his successful efforts in helping them to gain independence from Spain. He is one of the most powerful leaders in the world’s political history. Simà ³n Bolà ­ver was born on July 7, 1783 in Caracas, which is in modern day Venezuela. He was born into a relatively wealthy family, who profited from gold and copper mines they owned. In 1799, after the death of both of his parents, Bolà ­ver moved to Spain to further his education. Just a three years later, he married and a short year later, lost his wife to yellow fever while visiting Venezuela. After this happened, Simà ³n returned to Europe, kept company with Napoleon and was inspired to reunite with one of his tutors, Simon Rodriguez who introduced him to Europeans enlightenment writers. Bolà ­ver became deeply influenced by republican ideas. In 1805, a turning point i n Bolà ­ver’s political legacy occurred on a trip with Rodriguez in the Aventine Hill when he promised to make his homeland of Venezuela free from Spanish control. Over the course of the next several years, his main goal was to unite the colonies of Latin and South America, similar to the United States. In 1807, Bolà ­ver returned to Venezuela to find a population divided between loyalty to Spain, and want for independence. However, when Napoleon captured King Ferdinand VII in 1808, the same population no longer felt they owed loyalty

Child Education In India Education Essay Free Essays

Education has continued to germinate, diversify and widen its range and coverage since the morning of human history. Every state develops its system of instruction to show and advance its alone socio-cultural individuality and besides to run into the challenges of the times. There are minutes in history when a new way has to be given to an antique procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Education In India Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now That minute is today. The state has reached a phase in its economic and proficient development when a major attempt must be made to deduce the maximal benefit from the assets already created and to guarantee that the fruits of alteration reach all subdivisions. Education is the main road to that end. Issues Prevelance of Child labor: All non-school traveling kids are child workers in one signifier or the other. Agricultural kid labor constitutes the nucleus of the job. Child labour policies and instruction policies have to be formulated and operated in tandem. Parents do desire to direct their kids to be educated and poorness as a confining factor is extremely over-rated. Motivation and handiness of substructure instead than poorness are the cardinal factors. The paper underlines the strengths of formal instruction in eliminating child labor and forcefully argues for a statute law to supply for compulsory education.A The chief statement against child labor and mandatory instruction is that it is necessary for the well-being of the hapless as the province is unable to supply alleviation. The 2nd statement, is that instruction would do the hapless ill-sorted for the sort of manual work that is required to be done. The 3rd statement is that certain industries would be forced to shut down if they did non hold the installation of the low pay kid labor. The last statement against censoring child labor and implementing mandatory instruction is that the State should non be allowed to interfere in the parents ‘ rights who know what is best for their kids and households. Lack of Coverage: Despite the regular enlargement of the ICDS, the coverage of kids for ECCE is still every bit low as 20 per centum. This is an issue of both unequal entree and unequal quality of service bringing. With ICDS go oning to be the chief vehicle for ECCE, the GOI is suggesting to spread out the service further and universalise it within the following few old ages. While this is a welcome proposal, the hazard is of spread outing excessively fast and compromising on quality. Girl Child Education: The Indian authorities has expressed a strong committedness towards instruction for all ; nevertheless, India still has one of the lowest female literacy rates in Asia. In 1991, less than 40 per centum of the 330 million adult females aged 7 and over were literate, which means today there are over 200 million illiterate adult females in India. Laws Associating to Child Education in India Constitutional place of instruction in India While sing the assorted facets of instruction with respect to province duty, judicial readings, given to this duty by assorted legal experts are the primary beginning of larning. In the good old times, instruction was basically an act of charity or philanthropic gift. Then, it was thought of as an ‘occupation ‘ . Judicial pronouncement went so far as to see it as an ‘industry ‘ . Whether or non to comprehend instruction as a cardinal right or non has been debated for a long clip. The constitution and the disposal of an educational establishment for the conveyance of cognition to pupils is an business, protected by Article 19 ( 1 ) ( g ) and to boot by Article 26 ( a ) , if there is no component of net income coevals. Imparting instruction has come to be a agency of support for some professionals. It is considered as a mission in life for some philanthropists. â€Å" Education † was a State Subject in position of the undermentioned Entry 11, placed in List II State List: – â€Å" 11. Education including universities, capable to the commissariats of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III. † By the Constitution ( 42nd Amendment ) Act 1976, the above-said Entry was directed to be deleted and alternatively Entry 25 in List III Concurrent List, was directed to be appropriately amended so as to read as under: – â€Å" 25. Education, including proficient instruction, medical instruction and universities, capable to the commissariats of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I ; vocational and proficient preparation of labor † The Constitution of India has laid a directive before the province to do a proviso of free and mandatory instruction for kids below the age of 14 old ages. 45. Provision for free and mandatory instruction for kids: The State shall endeavour to supply, within a period of 10 old ages from the beginning of this Constitution, for free and mandatory instruction for all kids until they complete the age of 14 old ages. However, the authorities has non been successful in supplying equal installations of instruction for the under privileged kids, located in the rural countries. The Supreme Court in the instance Unnikrishnan vs. State of Andhra Pradesh ( 1993 ) ruled that the right to instruction is a cardinal right that flows from the right to life in Article 21 of the Constitution. Following this opinion, the 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002 added Article 21A, saying, â€Å" The State shall supply free and mandatory instruction to all kids of the age of six to fourteen old ages in such mode as the State may, by jurisprudence, determine. † The 86th Amendment besides modified Article 45, which now reads â€Å" The State shall endeavour to supply early childhood attention and instruction for all kids until they complete the age of 6 old ages. † The province late enacted the Right to Education Act, seeking to consequence the 86th Constitutional amendment Judiciary and Education In the judgement of Unnikrishnan, a Constitution Bench of this Court framed a strategy that governs admittances to professional colleges. The chief aim was to guarantee that virtue prevails in the affair of admittances, both in regard of what were called â€Å" free seats † every bit good as in regard of â€Å" payment seats. † This judgement was rendered on February 4, 1993. The strategy was to be effectual from the Academic Year 1993-94 onwards. Review Petitions were filed by several establishments against the said judgement. They were dismissed by the Constitution Bench. The judgement of P.A. Inamdar and others vs. State of Maharashtra was a landmark in the field of educational jurisprudence. Law studies are full with opinions related to the instruction in its several facets. Until the T.M.A Pai Foundation instance, there were four oft- quoted prima instances refering the field of instruction, viz. , ( I ) Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh ( 1993 ) 1 SCC 645 ( two ) St. Stephen ‘s College v. University of Delhi ( 1992 ) 1 SCC 558 ( three ) Ahmedabad St. Xavier ‘s College Society v. State of Gujarat ( 1974 ) 1 SCC 717 and ( four ) Rhenium: Kerala Education Bill, 1957, ( 1958 ) SCR 995. Right to Education Act The Right to Education Act seeks to give consequence to the 86th Amendment of the Constitution of India. Outstanding commissariats: The State shall guarantee a school in every vicinity Every school shall conform to certain minimal criterions, defined in the Bill Government schools shall supply free instruction to all admitted kids Private schools shall acknowledge at least 25 % of kids from weaker subdivisions ; no fee shall be charged to these kids Screening trials at the clip of admittance and capitation fees are prohibited for all kids Government schools will be managed by School Management The National Commission for Elementary Education shall be constituted to supervise all facets of simple instruction including quality. The Right to Education Act prescribes the Rights of Every Child as follows: Every kid between the age of 6 and 14 old ages has the right to full-time free and mandatory instruction in a neighbourhood school. Non-enrolled kids, of age group 7-9 old ages, have the right to be admitted in an age-appropriate class within one twelvemonth of the beginning of the Act, and kids, of age group 9-14 old ages, have the right to be provided particular programmes that will enable them to go to such class within three old ages. Children with terrible or profound disablement, who are unable to go to a neighbourhood school, have the right to be provided instruction in an appropriate environment. A kid can non be held back in any class or expelled from a school boulder clay Class VIII. Any ejection requires an order of the School Management Committee ( SMC ) , which will be given merely after all other disciplinary steps have been exhausted, and parents/guardians have been heard. The local authorization will take stairss to inscribe such a kid in another neighbourhood school. The Act besides prescribes the duty of the State as follows: The State shall guarantee handiness of a neighbourhood school for every kid within three old ages. In instance of non-availability, free conveyance or free residential installations shall be provided. The state/UT authorities shall find every twelvemonth the demand of schools, installations, and their locations ; set up extra schools as required ; deploy instructors and create installations for their preparation. The State shall develop a mechanism to supervise registration, engagement and attainment position of every kid, and take disciplinary stairss wheresoever required. Information in this respect will be made available in the public sphere, including on an online footing. School Admissions No school can carry on any screening process of any kid or parents at the clip of admittance. Children will be selected for admittance in a random mode. Capitation fees are prohibited. Commissariats refering School Management: All non-government schools have to be recognized by a Competent Authority or they must close down. The Act specifies certain norms ( such as teacher-student ratio, physical substructure etc. ) to be fulfilled by all schools as a pre-requisite for being recognized. All State and aided schools are required to organize School Management Committees ( SMCs ) with at least 75 % of the members being parents/guardians, and the other members stand foring instructors, the community and the local authorization. SMCs will pull off the school, including the countenance of leave Commissariats sing Content and Process Schools and academic governments explicating course of study shall conform to the values enshrined in the Constitution. Schools should run in a child- friendly and child- centred mode. No kid shall be required to look at a public scrutiny before finishing Grade VIII. Policies and Schemes Outstanding Policies in the Context of Provision of Early Childhood Care and Education ( ECCE ) in India National Nutrition Policy ( 1993 ) which recognized kids below six old ages as bad groups to be given high precedence. National Policy on Empowerment of Women ( 2001 ) , supported proviso of child care installations, including creches at work topographic points. India besides ratified Convention on Rights of the Child in 1992 and reaffirmed its committedness to kids, which resulted in preparation of policy model to fix a National Charter for Children. National Commission for Children has besides been set up. The Commission as visualized would protect/safeguard the rights of kids with a strong legal base. National Plan of Action for Children ( 2005 ) included universalisation of ECCE as one of the ends. It specified attention, protection and development chances for kids below 3 old ages and integrated attention and development and pre-school acquisition chances for 3-6 twelvemonth olds. National Curriculum Framework ( 2005f emphasized two old ages of pre-schooling and considered ECCE as important for holistic development of the kid, as a readying for schooling and as a support service for adult females and misss. It advocated play-based developmentally appropriate course of study Integrated Child Development Services ( ICDS ) India has the differentiation of holding conceptualized and floated possibly the universe ‘s largest plan for kids, modeled on the definition which says that working with kids means a more holistic position one of its constituents is child instruction, every bit early as in 1975. Known as the Integrated Child Development Services ( ICDS ) , this plan targets kids, pregnant and breastfeeding female parents and adolescent misss from a lifecycle perspective Non-formal preschool instruction has been one of its nucleus constituents. Other Policies and Schemes aˆ? National Policy on Education, 1968 aˆ? National Policy on Education, 1986 aˆ? National Policy on Education, 1986 ( As modified in 1992 ) aˆ? National Common Minimum Programme of the UPA Government, announced in May, 2004 Infusions associating to Education aˆ? National Curriculum Framework, 2005 aˆ? National Commission for Protection of Child Rights aˆ? Jawahar Bala Arogya Raksha aˆ? Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan ( RMSA ) aˆ? Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education aˆ? Information and Communication Technology in Schools ( ICT @ Schools ) aˆ? Primary Education – Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Suggestions Decentralized and holistic planning for kids: Given India ‘s diverseness and scale the planning procedure and designing of intercessions for kids have to be contextualized. This can merely be possible through a decentralized and participatory attack to planning and execution. The Education sector already has experience of this attack to some extent and the plans /services for younger kids would necessitate to larn from this experience and make out to kids in a more targeted and local specific manner. Precedence to and Ownership of ECCE: Very late, the entire duty of ECCE has been shifted from Department of Education within the Ministry of Human Resource Development to a freshly created Ministry of Women and Child Development. Though, it is excessively early to notice upon the deductions of this determination, nevertheless, it is likely to bring forth a batch of treatment and argument about the issue of ownership and its logistic location with the instruction sector. Prescription V. Practice: While, a favorable policy model and appropriate curricular counsel is available in the state for ECCE ; the world is that there is a big spread between what is prescribed or suggested and what is practiced. In a survey conducted by the NCERT ( 1998 ) it was found that about all the ICDS centres observed adhered to learning of 3 R ‘s ( reading, composing and arithmetic ) and there was a practical absence of any drama activities. Typically, the activities of preschool instruction under ICDS are conducted for a period runing from 45 proceedingss to two hours duration daily, with minimum drama and larning material support and that excessively, mostly in the absence of sufficient outdoor and indoor infinites, basic substructure installations and competent workers. Preschool instruction in private/ public baby’s room schools, once more, is mostly a downward extension of primary instruction course of study, with instructors frequently holding no ECCE preparation. Training Inputs and Institutional Support: Effective readying of teachers/service suppliers for ECCE is another issue, which is expected to find quality. Matching to the scope of ECCE plans and enterprises in India there is a assortment of developing commissariats in ECCE, every bit good. These scope from the two twelvemonth integrated Nursery Teachers ‘ preparation plan ( NTT ) which aims at fixing instructors for preschool phase ( 3-6 old ages ) and for the first two classs ( 6-8 old ages ) of the primary phase, In add-on, the course of study of higher/ senior secondary phase of instruction ( +2 ) in Central Board of Secondary Education, National Institute of Open Schooling and many State Education Boardss have besides included early childhood instruction as an country of vocational instruction. Public Spending on Childs: For the really first clip, in the twelvemonth ( 2004-05 ) , the Ministry of Women and Child Development ( MWCD ) in Government of India undertook a ‘child budgeting ‘ exercising to look at commissariats and outgos for kids more holistically. This portends good for a more comprehensive attack towards planning and budgeting for kids in the hereafter. The public financess allocated to kids are classified under four caputs in the kid budgeting exercising: ICDS A ; Nutrition, Education, Health and Child Protection and others. As per the Fundamental law of India, kid related commissariats are in the coincident list of duties with the States holding a outstanding function in service bringing. However, most of the provinces passing are on perennial points of outgos, it is the financess which are made available through the Centrally Sponsored Schemes that provide for reform and quality betterment. Overall, there has been an addition in outgo on kids as a per centum of GNP from 2.66 % in 1993-94 to 3.26 % in 2001-02 ( DWCD, Annual Report, 2004-05 ) . As indicated in Figure 13 below, in footings of comparative parts, both the cardinal and State parts show steady additions over clip, particularly since 1997-98, with the provinces ‘ part being significantly more dominant. Still the overall public outgo is far less than it should be. 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Sustainability Accounting and Accountability Accounting and Finance

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability Accounting and Accountability for Accounting and Finance? Answer: Importance of Audit Quality The main purpose of audit report is to enhance in the degree of confidence by most of the users of company based financial reports. It is noticed that users have the liberty to include creditors, shareholders as well as stakeholders for maintaining business relationship within the working of the company. High quality audit report will help in demonstrating true financial position and attracting the partners for new ventures for the same (Scott 2014). It is important to consider the fact that audit serves as disruption for the company in accordance with the normal workflow. Factors affecting the criticism on audit quality There are various factors associated with audit quality and these are as follows: Internal control Audit quality is mainly obtained from the process of identification and administrating with the financial activities for reaching the quality objectives in an overall manner (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Audit firm aims at high-quality audit committees and minimizing in the internal control weaknesses for future business activities. Firm Size Most of the large business organization perform powerful test for measuring the audit quality in the operational matters. There is positive relationship between the firm sizes of audit firm as well as audit quality for the same. There are vast differences between the forecasted as well as reported incomes for the large companies. Fees of Auditors Audit fees relates with the charges that is paid by the companies especially to the external auditors. They are paid for rendering audit services as well as non-audit services. These services include management advisory as well as professional consultancy services (DRURY 2013). These fees include various wages and benefits especially for the office as well as field personnel in audit support activities. Audit fees are quality differentiated in the competitive market for viewing at the quality differences in an overall manner. Independence of auditors Independent audit committee helps in enhancing in the independence of an external auditor. This ensures professional advices with response to management activities for the same. Audit committee mostly conduct informal as well as private meetings for discussing the material issues for future business activities (Brown 2014). Audit independence helps in maintaining auditor-client negotiation for most of the financial reporting issues for the quality external auditors. Reputation of auditors This particular research will help in investigating on audit failure based upon the reputation of auditors. Reputation of an auditor depends on the perceived as well as actual levels in the auditing reports (Deegan 2012). It is important to understand the fact that high-quality job will help in increasing the level of profitability as well as audit results. Industry specialization In this particular research, relation between audit quality and the industry of an auditor will help in detection of audit results. Qualification and proficiency of auditors The main aim of audit report is to assure the outsiders on matters relating to material misstatements in the financial statements (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). It is required to develop in the leadership as well as management skills and level of proficiency in an overall manner. Critical appraisal by the professor regulators and effectiveness of proposed measures in improving audit quality Accounting or auditing scandals are the events, where the trusted executives of an organization provide misleading financial facts to influence various factors such as profit, taxes etc. Misusing or misdirecting funds, overstating revenues, misusing or misdirecting funds, overstating the value of corporate assets, understating expenses or under reporting the existence of liabilities are the most common forms of auditing scandals (Hay 2015). Various companies such as TESCO have been found involved in various audit scandals. Recently, after identifying revenue recognition irregularities in the half-year results of TESCO, it is found that the management of TESCO overstated their profits by 263 Million in 2015 (Mohamed and Handley-Schachler 2015). The regulators and the Conduct Authority (FCA) decided to penalize the organization accordingly. The management of TESCO estimated that their supermarket business would go to earn 1.1 Billion as half-year trading profit in 2015. The company enh anced their profit by embarking on aggressive accounting excessively. However, the half-year trading profit became 263 Million (originally 250 Million). After the incident, the management started reviewing the figures to identify why they end up inflating first half- year profit prediction in 2015. They realised that they overstated the figures during the final preparations for their latest interim results (Haddock-Millar and Rigby 2015). Although, PwC is the usual auditor, but Deloitte actually conducted a comprehensive and independent review to analysis the situation by involving the delayed accrual of costs and the accelerated recognition of commercial income. Deloitte found that TESCO indeed overstated their profit. 2014-15 Overstated profit by 118 Million during the first half of 2015 2013-14 Overstated profit by 70 Million 2012-13 Overstated profit by 75 Million Table 1: Investigation of Deloitte (Source: Sharma and Kelly 2015) Balanced Scorecard for the audit quality that includes four major categories: Input Process Outcomes Context Incentives and motivation Regulatory Enforcement Potential reputation loss Potential litigation cost Audit process judgement Experience as well as experience of an auditor Time of audit accountability Adverse outcomes Restatements of accounting criteria Litigation against an auditor Audit Partner Partner Incentives Audit Partner Compensation Professional Skepticism Moral Reasoning Tenure of audit Professional Identification Audit Production Corporate Governance Earnings Manipulation Political Risk of audit firm Disclosure policies Financial Reporting Quality Earnings Neutrality Earnings Conservatism Earnings creditability Abnormal audit firms Knowledge and expertise Assessment of risk Audit Reports Non audit fes The group CEO of TESCO, Dave Lewis accordingly accepted their mistakes and duly indicated the incident as a serious issue. He also concentrated on both transparency and integrity. He also assured that the management would take necessary actions based on the investigation outcomes. The full-year trading profit of TESCO went down due to challenging trading conditions and the market share of the company also decreased due to the presence of various potential competitors. Additionally, the audit scandal also affected the market reputation of TESCO (Tsegba and Upaa 2015). TESCO has been one of the market leaders within the UK grocery sector, but the business is now facing threats from various rivals. As a result, the market share and the profitability of TESCO significantly decreased, especially during 2014 and 2015. This was the situation that mainly influenced TESCO to involve in aggressive accounting scandal. The threats of a publicly traded company, which is focusing on the short-term perspectives, can be evaluated from the case of TESCO (Yu 2015). Due to increasing pressure from the investors, the company was hardly able to concentrate upon establishing a long-term sustainable business with innovation and better customer relationships. The company often forecasted that their earnings would never going to match the demands of the investors. They tried overstating figures in order to retain support and attractiveness of their business organization (Hay 2015). They realised that TESCO was not going to reach their sales target and they dealt with the ir suppliers to make such payments by offering various benefits in the next financial year. Such benefits are actually kept secret unethically and TESCO actually had to pay the money back to their suppliers in the worst-case scenarios. Aggressive accounting is acceptable to limited extent, but TESCO went too far with that. Six major Japanese banks: Master Trust Bank of Japan Ltd, Mitsubishi UFJ Trust Banking Corp, Trust Custody Services Bank Ltd, Japan Trustee Services Bank Ltd, State Street Trust Banking Co, and Nomura Trust Banking Co sued Olympus Corporation for submitting misleading financial statements for 13 years starting in the 1990s (Tsegba and Upaa 2015). The key purpose of Olympus Corporation was to attract more investors in the short run. Starting from 1990s, the Japanese equity market started declining and Olympus Corporation started incurring loss. However, under the accounting standards of Japan back then, Olympus Corporation did not report their unrealized losses. The company has also tried hiding their loss with overpriced acquisitions. However, due to the introduction fair value accounting by the Business Accounting Deliberation Council, Olympus Corporation had no option but to mention their loss (Sharma and Kelly 2015). Conclusion and Recommendations From the above study, it is easy to gather information on audit quality. This research on audit quality helps in understanding concepts related to corporate transparency as well as market efficiency in an overall manner. There were various undoubted effects related to transparency as well as reliability on the corporate reporting system. It mainly tracks the audit quality and its lacking in the regulation activities. This increases in the level of complexity as well as subjectivity of the research work. Audit quality framework will help in satisfying the main aspect that includes the degree of compliance for the predetermined criteria for the same. In order to understand the audit quality, it is essential to assure the reliability pattern in the corporate reporting system. It helps in regulators for setting the shareholders role and identification of quality drivers in the input process in an overall manner. Reference List Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Brown, R., 2014.A history of accounting and accountants. Routledge. Deegan, C., 2012.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Frc.org.uk,. "Financial Reporting Council". N.p., 2016. Web. 18 Jan. 2016. Haddock-Millar, J. and Rigby, C., 2015, January. BUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: TESCO PLC'S DECLINING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND UNDERLYING ISSUES. InGlobal Conference on Business Finance Proceedings(Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 127). Institute for Business Finance Research. Hay, D., 2015. The Frontiers of Auditing Research.Meditari Accountancy Research, Forthcoming. https://www.accaglobal.com, ACCA. "Global Body For Professional Accountants | Accountancy | ACCA | ACCA Global".Accaglobal.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 18 Jan. 2016. Iaasb.org,. "Auditing Assurance | IFAC". N.p., 2016. Web. 18 Jan. 2016. Icaew.com,. "Audit Quality Forum 10Th Anniversary - Can Business Ever Get It Right? | ICAEW". N.p., 2016. Web. 18 Jan. 2016. Icaew.com,. "Welcome To ICAEW.Com | ICAEW". N.p., 2016. Web. 18 Jan. 2016. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Mohamed, N. and Handley-Schachler, M., 2015. Roots of Responsibilities to Financial Statement Fraud Control.Procedia Economics and Finance,28, pp.46-52. Scott, W.R., 2014.Financial accounting theory. Pearson Education Canada. Sharma, U. and Kelly, M., 2015. The changing role of accounting education and management control systems in the age of sustainability.International Journal of Critical Accounting,7(3), pp.289-303. Tsegba, I.N. and Upaa, J.U., 2015. Consequences of Financial Statement Fraud: A Developing Country Perspective.International Journal of Business and Management,10(8), p.115. YouTube,. "Audit Quality With David York, Head Of Auditing Practice At ACCA". N.p., 2016. Web. 18 Jan. 2016. Yu, Y.F., 2015. Accounting fraud motivation.

100 Process Analysis Essay Topics for a Proper Essay Writing Career

When coming up with simple process analysis essay topics, it's essential to have a good idea of what you are writing about. Make sure that you understand the step by step details of writing such an essay. A suitable process and analysis essay topic should show the world its high level of creativity. You should keep it easily understandable as you take the readers through a systematic process. Below are some critical process analysis essay topics. By carefully going through them, you take the essential steps in becoming a professional process paper topic essay writer. You'll find them in ten different categories. Process Paper Topics for All College Students In college, you'll need to write process paper topics at one point in your learning career. Through enough practice in both reading and writing, you'll have a comfortable experience. So, to give you an extra edge, take a look at some of these process essay examples: How To Earn Money While Still In College How Should You Study For Your Final College Exam? How To Write An Attractive College Application Steps In Writing An Impressive Cover Letter Ways In Which You Could Come Up With A Science Project How Should We Improve Schools Learning Curriculum How To Write An Excellent Dissertation Paper How Can You Save Money While In College? How To Prepare Adequately For Your High School Prom Effective Methods Of College-Level Research Funny Process Paper Topics Entertainment is an integral part of our lives. Reading funny process paper topics, especially after a hard day's work relaxes the mind. Therefore, as a writer, it's essential to come up with ideas which soothe and console the minds of your audience. Here are some funny process paper topics: How To Listen To An Orchestra And Not Fall Asleep How To Eat A Full Slice Of Pizza With Only One Bite How To Come Up With The Best Birthday Party Surprise Steps Towards Becoming A Fierce Online Gamer How Does A Well-Cooked Meal Every Day Prevent Divorce? Ways In Which You Could Meet Your Sole-Mate Online How To Prepare A Bachelor Party Steps In Planning A Colorful Wedding Celebration How To Stack The Food Buffet At Your Graduation Party How To Make Her Laugh On The First Date Topics for Process Analysis Paper on Love and Marriage As a student, you'll need to write essay papers on different topics. Among these types of articles, you'll come across topics for process analysis paper on love and marriage. How will you go around this? Well here are some amazing process essay examples to help you get started: How To Make Her Fall In Love With You On The First Date Steps Towards Building A Successful Marriage Relationship How Should Career Mothers Balance Work And Home Duties How To Know When Your Partner Is Unhappy How To Plan For A Winter Wedding How Should You Plan For A Family Holiday Vacation? How To Keep Your Marriage Interesting Even In Old Age Methods Of Reconciling Your Marriage After Separation How To Take Care Of Your Partner If He Or She Is Sick Stages In The Moaning Process For Widows And Widowers Process Analysis Essays on Sports and Leisure Sports are one of the exciting activities, especially in the current generation. A good process analysis essay on leisure and sports should captivate, inform and even compel the reader to try out something. Some of the interesting topics for process analysis paper on Sports and Leisure that we've come across include: How To Complete A Full Gym Work Out How To Train For A Marathon Steps In Building A Successful Swimming Team Ways In Which We Are Failing In Nurturing Young Talented Athletes How To Play The New FIFA 18 Like A Pro How To Become A Skillful Footballer Methods Of Building A Reliable Race Car How To Enjoy A Family Fun Day During The Weekend How To Become a Lucky Sports Betting Pro How To Plan For A Rugby Cup Final Process Essay Topics on Justice and Legal Affairs There are also various process essay topics touching on law and the entire justice system. If you are studying for the law, you'll come across questions such as: How To Handle A Litigation Process How To Submit Evidence Before A Court Of Law Steps Towards Making A Bill Into Law How To Pick Yourself Up After Losing A Court Case How To Choose The Best Legal Team When Dealing With Criminal Charges How Does The Supreme Court Discharge Its Mandate? Steps To Be Followed In A Family Court How To Punish Individuals Found To Have Committed Treason? Stages In The Legal Process Of The International Criminal Court How Does The Supreme Court Handle Appeal Cases? Process Analysis Essay Topics on History, Politics, and Governance Interested in learning how the government operates? These process analysis examples will help you out: How To Plan For A General Election How Did The United States Survive The Great Depression Stages Which Led To The End Of The Second World War How Can Event Organizers Plant For A Presidents Inauguration Ceremony? How Does The British Prime Minister Appoint Government Officials Functions Of State Governors In The United States How To Run A Successful Presidential Campaign How Does The President Distribute Resources Across Different Regions In The Country? How Has China Become One Of The Leading World Economies? How Can We End The Political Tension Between The United States And The Republic Of North Korea? Process Analysis Paper Topics in Business and Information Technology Here are some of the impressive process analysis essay examples on how we handle trade and commerce today. Also, with the growing rise in technology, it's now become hard to separate it from business. With that said, take a look at some of these ideas: How To Create An Attractive Business Portfolio How To Prepare For An Interview How Can Company Marketers Create Web Content How To Improve Your Team's Productivity Through E-Learning How To Sell Your Products Online How To Talk To Potential Customers Using Facebook And Twitter How Has eBay Changed The Way We Do Business How To Earn Money While Working Online How To Easily Sell Your Shares And Get Good Cash! How To Forge A Successful Career In Financial Banking Process Paper Topics on Gardening and the Environment Some of the interesting process paper topics on gardening and the state of the environment include: How To Conserve The O-Zone Layer How To Improve Soil Fertility Organically Steps Towards Creating More Healthy And Acceptable GMOs How To Prevent Drainage Of Wastes Into Rivers Ways In Which We Can Prevent Worldwide Poaching Methods Of Successful Garden Farming How To Prevent Soil Erosion And Landslides Effective Water Conservation Methods How To Grow Plants In A Hydroponic System Ways In Which You Could Grow Your Crops In A Polytunnel Process Analysis Essay Topics on Science and Medicine Some of the process essay topics on matters touching on science and medicine include: How To Prevent Infant Deaths Through Proper Pregnancy Methods How Can We Improve Space Travel Through Advancements In Science? How To Prevent The Spread Of HIV/AIDS Methods Of Successful Cancer Treatment How To Prevent Yourself From Getting Common Cold During Winter Months How Does Draining Stagnant Water Prevent The Spread Of Malaria? How To Take Care Of The Physically Challenged Individuals In Society Steps Towards Making Nutritious Breast Milk For Lactating Mothers How To Prevent The Spread Of Communicable Diseases How Have The New Cancer Treatment Machines Saved Lives? Process Analysis Essay Examples on Film, and Music Lastly, we'll mention some impressive process analysis essay examples on music and film. They include: How To Become A Professional Film Producer Steps In Preparing For A Singing Competition How Has Music Changed Over The Last Century? Process Of Making A Successful Theatre Show How To Introduce Your Child To High School Music And Theatre How Has A Career In Acting Changed Lives Of Different Individuals? How To Identify A Famous Music Producer Steps Toward Becoming A Good Scriptwriter How To Learn Dancing In 5 Easy Steps How Has Film Changed Over The Last Five Decades? Conclusion With the above process analysis essay examples, you have all you need to make you a professional writer. Just choose the category that suits you best and tackle as many topics as possible. Remember that these are only some few samples and there are many process analysis essay topics out there for you!

One Who Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest essays

One Who Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest essays The novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" had many important events with in its binding. These events helped the reader follow along with the story. It also made the story what it is. The characters also helped moved the story along. They were all very strong characters. In, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", the main character is Randle P McMurphy. He sort of comes off as a New York tuff guy. In my opinion McMurphy is a hustler, considering his gambling and how he's always trying to manipulate other patients to his benefit. Chief Bromden is a six foot eight, half bread Indian. For years, Chief has fooled the staff and patients in the ward into thinking that he's deaf and dumb. Though it was by accident, McMurphy is the first person that Chief has spoken to in years. Throughout the book, Chief seems to open up to McMurphy Big Nurse is a picky and mean. On the outside, she's always smiling, but inside she's full of hate. The biggest reason she despises McMurphy is because he threatens her perfect little world. One important event is the vote held on the watching of the World Series. McMurphy had actually won the vote, but still wasn't able to watch the game. McMurphy didn't get to watch the game, but in a sense still won, This sense was that he still had influenced the patients to actually Another important event is the fishing trip. Big Nurse strongly disapproved the trip, and she showed it. She posted newspaper clippings of bad weather reports and tragedies at sea, right next to the sign up sheet for the trip. Despite the fear that some of the patients felt, they went The beginning of the party is somewhat important. It's shows how good of a manipulator McMurphy really is. Though Mr.Turkle knew he could get fired, McMurphy was able to talk him into letting Candy Girl and Sandy into the ward. ...

Report to the Board of Directors of ABC Limited on the proposed Essay

Report to the Board of Directors of ABC Limited on the proposed acquisition of additional shares in the company XYZ Limited - Essay Example Provided that a share premium account and a capital redemption reserve fund may, for the purposes of this regulation, only be applied in the paying up of un-issued shares to be allotted to members of the company as fully paid bonus shares. Hence declaration of dividend and issue of Bonus shares are to be treated differently. However while issuing the bonus shares in lieu of dividend the following provisions governing the declaration of dividend are to be considered. 91. At the first annual general meeting of the company all the directors shall retire from office, and at the annual general meeting in every subsequent year one-third of the directors for the time being, or, if their number is not 3 or a multiple of 3, then the number nearest one-third, shall retire from office. The directors to re... Shall not make a distribution EXCEPT out of profits AVIABLE FOR THE PURPOSE Distributable profits are Accumulated Realized Profits Less Realized Losses Accountants usually regard a profit as realized if the company concerned has obtained cash. Thus, a book profit is an unrealized profit. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Change in the composition of the Board: The following provisions of Table A which govern the appointment and term of office of the Board of Directors are worth noting: Clause 91 of Table A 91. At the first annual general meeting of the company all the directors shall retire from office, and at the annual general meeting in every subsequent year one-third of the directors for the time being, or, if their number is not 3 or a multiple of 3, then the number nearest one-third, shall retire from office. Clause 92 of Table A The directors to retire in every year shall be those who have been longest in office since their last election, but as between persons who became directors on the same day those to retire shall (unless they otherwise agree among themselves) be determined by lot. Clause 93 of Table A A retiring director shall be eligible for re-election. Clause 109 of Table A 109. The directors may from time to time appoint one or more of their body to the office of managing director for such period and on such terms as they think fit, and, subject to the terms of any agreement entered into in any particular case, may revoke such appointment. A director so appointed shall not, whilst holding that office, be subject to retirement by rotation or be taken into account in determining the rotation of retirement of directors, but his appointment shall be

Investgaton in salon service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Investgaton in salon service - Essay Example In fact, statistics estimate that the salon industry will be a booming market as from 2017 (Jenster, 2005). The objective of this report is to discuss how marketing has influenced the demand for salon services. Beginning a salon business is not easy. It requires investments in time, labour, and opportunity costs of working somewhere else (Ellis, 2010). The world market is crowded, and few customers are fickle, therefore, the salon entrepreneurs require ways to tackle these challenges. Market analysts argue that with good salon marketing, it would be easy to tackle any challenge in the market (Jones, 2008). Marketing is a difficult task that requires proper planning (Brown, 2012). Steady fast execution of the plans is an added advantage. Salon industries that have dominated the markets for longer periods of time have made simple and effective marketing plans. The owners of these salons knew what their priorities were, therefore making their plans simple and effective (Morris, 2006). The paper has a detailed analysis of marketing-related recommendations for the salon industry. During The past decades saw a perception that salons were ‘salon only’ retail facilities. Nowadays, after evolution of this industry, the salons go directly to the customers especially using online services. Literature reviews and studies indicate that the issue of diversion has been a challenge for most saloon owners (Lilien, 2012). During the past, most saloon-only products were diverted illegally. Surprisingly, during the past, some major saloons placed their products on retail shops rather than wholesale shelves (Entrepreneur Press, 2012). With increase in marketing tools, especially advertisements and the social media, not only the distributors of salon products will sell directly to the consumers, but also the manufacturers of these products (Schmidt, 1991). The

Improving Kings Medical Center

Improving Kings Medical Center Kings Medical Center provides various health services within the City and its locality. They have sites in three location (Staten Island, Queens, and Manhattan) spread across the City and have enlisted our service to develop their Information System. Their requirement included elements covering a Web site, Networking, Management Information System (MIS) and a Database. They have reviewed their organization structure and their strategic plan has revealed the need to reconstruct their functions, services and human resources application We are a dedicated medical institution, aiming to provide the highest quality care for our patients and maintain a relaxed, friendly and comfortable work environment for our staff and other users. We guarantee the well-fare and safety of our patients as our priority and ensure confidentiality of all nature. The commitment of our staff, physicians, volunteers and community partners to our mission, allows us to maintain a quality standard of caring, promoting wellness, relieve suffering and restore health as humanely as can be done. In consistence with the best service available we will ensure the highest value to all our users. We endeavor to treat all our patience and client fairly, efficiently and with the care and respect required to satisfy their needs and accordingly. Vision The vision of king medical center is to provide place for extraordinary achievements and Significant infrastructure growth. The vision of the king medical center is to provide large facilities of medical therapy. Organizational Chart The organizational chart of the medical center describes the overall organizational structure .This describe the administrative structure from top to the bottom like director to the peon. The director is the top of the organizational structure and there is multiple divisions like energy and plan divisions. Current Situation and Problem/ Opportunity Statement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Improving the appointment system and reducing walk-ins to a minimum à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Assigning doctors to patient à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Creating and implementing a web site à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Eliminate redundancy within the filing system and implement software and applications to regulate normalcy and consistency Critical Assumption and Constraints .There must be specified proposal which include identifying the earliest possible state including critical assumptions and revenue drivers, operating cost, social and environmental factors. .There is regularity, legislative and relevant acts which may impinge the proposal need. Which may identify including information? .There is information which can describe sensitivity of assumption need which is to be provided. Analysis of Options and Recommendation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Keeping machines on standby when not in use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ensure all medical closet are secured à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Accessories should be stored in designated area and appropriately to eliminate risk à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Provide security at each site à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sign posting at each location PROJECT INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT Preliminary Project Requirement There must be more attractive environment and higher perceived quality. There should no time gap for significant relationship between the perceived wait times. There should be project and its impact on existing infrastructure. Budget Estimate and Financial Analysis The project was allocated a budget of $800,000. The labor cost percent includes a forty hours per week at a rate of $100 per hour for the project manager, other team members between $80 $90 per hour (according to experience and qualification) and consultants at a rate of $150 per hour. Other consideration of the project will cover the outsourcing of software and other services costs. The discount rate for this project is 8%, reflecting the estimate after the discounted costs and benefits have been implemented. Schedule Estimate We estimate one year to complete the project and will be providing additional maintenance and technical support throughout an agreed period. We will be managing and monitoring the operation of applications and recommendations across the organization. Potential Risks There are several potential risks on project evaluation like cost assessment risk and time bound project have the overrun risks. The potential risks are the risk that can occur simultaneously which can identified during running phase. This type of risk can affect the running schedule of the project and also affect the cost of the project. Weighted Decision Matrix Initiating Assign a project manager Develop a business case Identify key stakeholders Prepare project charter Hold project kick-off meeting Planning Hold team planning meeting Prepare team contract Prepare scope statement Prepare WBS 2.4.1 Create Milestones Prepare schedule and cost baseline Determine task resources Determine task durations Determine task dependencies Create Gantt chart Identify, discuss and prioritize risks Develop project plans Review project plans Approve project plans Executing Analysis Task Collect data on organization Collect information on project User inputs Internet site contents Templates and tools Articles Links User requests feature Web site design Web site construction Web site testing Web site promotion Web site roll-out Project benefits measurement Design Task 3.2.1 Collect detailed requirement for all programs 3.2.2 Design network program 3.2.3 Design database 3.2.4 Design MIS 3.2.5 Design Web site 3.10 Implementation Task 3.10.1 Network 3.10.2 Database 3.10.3 MIS 3.10.4 Website 3.11 Training 3.11.1 Employees training 3.11.2 Technical Support 3.11.3 Access Security Specification 3.4 Testing 3.4.1 Test programs 3.5 Roll Out and Support 3.5.1 Support User 3.5.2 Roll out New programs 3.5.3 Technical Support Monitoring and Controlling Project reports 4.2.1 Change request report 4.2.2 Organizational process assets updates 4.2.3 Project document updates 4.2.4 Project management plan updates 4.2.5 Status Reports 3.2.6 Control changes Closing Final project report Final presentation Sign-off on project Lesson learnt reports Financial Analysis for Kings Medical Center Project The financial Analysis for the king medical center is depend on recourse and the financial fund and time validation ,human effort etc. The financial analysis is depend on operational cost and the project risk assessment ,project structure and managerial elements of project. The risk type and identification affect the project cost and running time and risk exposure is time taking process so financial schedule affected by risk. The financial analysis depends on the risk assessments. Project Charter Project Title: Kings Medical Center Project Project Start Date: April 28, 2010 Projected Finish Date: April 28, 2011 Budget Information: A budget of $800,000 has been allocated to fund the project over a one year period. This cost will be used up to fund the All in One (AIO) Tech development team, consulting personnel, hardware and software purchase, and utility fees. An initial estimate requires a total of 40 hours per week labor cost, considering that the team works a standard eight hour day shift. Project Manager: Foxy Brown, 646-238-1224, [emailprotected] Project Objectives: The goal is to provide a complete IT Infrastructure overhaul to Monroe Medical Center. In doing so, employees will be able to retrieve and update patients file and information accordingly, assign a doctor to groups of patients, produce departmental reports, and share information across all locations within a reasonable time frame. An online appointment system will also be created to minimize patient waiting time and improve the system for walk-in patients. Main Project Success Criteria: The project is scheduled to be completed within one year at the provisional cost of $800,000. The end product of this project is guaranteed to support the overall functionality of Kings Medical Center operations. This will assist them to negotiate lower premiums and track improvements in patients waiting time among other requirements they have stipulated. It will also provide solid evidence for other benefits, such as improving morale and productivity. Additionally, the project should be able to pay for itself within two years of completion. It must also have a positive net present value (NPV) and a 50% or greater return on investment, in order to be considered a successful project. Additionally, the project payback must not be beyond 2 years. Approach:  · Select a project manager and project team  · Identify project requirements and list milestones to meet accordingly  · Incorporate best practices methodologies  · Incorporate excellent testing procedures  · Use corporate standards in all application development  · Using a prototyping approach to development  · Provide training and develop support procedures  · creating a highly specific and detailed documentation Integrated Change Control The integrated change control is the process which can be implemented during the all changes which involves in running state in project. It is quite often implement over the course of a project life cycle. PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT Requirements Document The requirement document for project scope document is resource, financial status, time schedule, and operational cost structure, estimation time for each module. The requirement document must have the work breakdown structure and time estimation graph. It can also describe the overall structure with financial status. Requirements Management Plan The requirement management plan utilize the proper resource for running status of any hospital effectively and efficiently. It can also describe the requirement of different modules and resource management. Requirements Matrix for Kings Medical Center Project The requirement matrix for king medical center project depends on several phase and resource allocation graph .The requirement matrix is depend on supply and demand of resource and operational cost. The requirement matrix is sparse matrix for resource allocation to different module and reduces the overall operational cost. Scope Statement (Version 1) PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENT Work Breakdown Structure for Kings Medical Center Project The work breakdown structure is known as hierarchical discrete structure which divides the work task in different small module. Thus work breakdown structure for the kings medical college project can be subdivided task like operational cost which having subtask the doctors fee and medicine cost, bed charge, equipments cost etc. WBS Dictionary The WBS dictionary must include the overall subdivided task and which type of structure tree or list .The WBS dictionary describes the how the work breakdown structure correlate to each other which is the master task and which one is slave task. Milestone Report Kings Medical Center Project The milestone report of kings medical center project is describe the achievement of the center which is the best of the previous report .The milestone report is known as master copy every other report must be compare from this milestone report ,this can give estimation cost and resource handling idea in brief. Gantt chart The Gantt chart is known as the chart which can specify the project completion time and resource allocation to different module. The Gantt chart describe the different small module start and end time this also describe analysis time and result this contains the day by day data and store it and compare by historical data. Network Diagram The network diagram describe the day by day activity and recourse allocation by network diagram by network diagram we describe the minimum activity path to reduce the cost effort there is critical path method and project evaluation review technique use for estimation. Work Schedule The work schedule describe the overall running schedule for different task and it can specify the resource allocation to each activity the work schedule is to use reduce cost time effort . Activity Assignments The activity assignment is known as assign resource to different task and activity. The activity assignment insures that the correct task is handling by the specified specialist person. Time Management Contingency Strategies The time management contingency strategies is to use the reduce time effort and make project effective and beneficial. These Strategies is to use assumption of minimum time effort in which sequence we can gain minimum time effort. PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT Project cost estimate The project cost estimation is done by Gantt chat or by the histogram or by the CPM PERT. The project cost estimation is done with respect to the earned value and actual cost or planning cost. There is graph analysis between the earned value and the actual cost. Project cost baseline The project baseline cost is theoretical or real construct it capture and approved budget structure distributed overtime. The baseline may incorporate during changes in the project running schedule. Earned value The earned value describes the how much part of cost and time is spent till the analysis time. The earned value analysis is useful for estimation how much time and cost in feature needed to complete the project in under budget and specified time. PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT Quality Standards/ Requirements The quality standard is measured by quality assurance like ISO 9000.The quality assurance is achieved by The effectiveness and efficiency .Quality standard /requirement is gain by the ISO certificate for the health care the IWA 4:2009 certificate issued, for medical devices ISO 13485:2003 certificate needed. The Seven Basic Tools of Quality The seven basic tools for quality control is Pareto chart which shows the bar graph and insures which factors are more significant. The Histogram which represent the bar diagram and histogram representation of each activity. Scattered data which represents the graph pair of numerical datas. Control chart and check sheet for analyzing the data. Cause and affect diagram and stratification which control the study of individual data. PROJECT NETWORK MANAGEMENT This is the tool for the understand to project management cycle there is the graphical representation of the project life cycle various activity in the project form a network diagram which specify the project duration for each separate activity. PROJECT DATABASE MANAGEMENT The project database management stores the every information during project execution state and keeps each activity record day by day. Thus the project database management system stores information of resources and the durations to complete a task. PROJECT WEBSITE MANAGEMENT Project website management is done according to database and information which is retrieval day by day activity the database updating can also be done by the website .Thus the project website management must insure to display current database. Appendix The UNICEF child protection program The king George medical College, Department of cancer therapy India. The all India medical Association, New Delhi India Policies There is research center establishment for H.I.V To provide best facility perform cancer chemical therapy. Glossary Glossary of Genetic Terms, Genetics Education Center, Univ. Kansas Medical Center Biotechnology Glossary, SDPatel and S Maulik, GeneEd, Celera (not available Sept 2002) Genome Glossary, Department of Energy (DOE) Dictionary of Genetics, Science and Technology, graphics, searchable, Academic Press (not available Sept 2002)

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeche

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom I was really, really nervous about standing up here and speaking. I did prepare a few lines for today and having snorted them I now feel absolutely fine. I did have a great speech worked out for you today, but as I am now married, my wife has told me what to say instead. I'd like to start by thanking you all on behalf of my wife and I being here with us today, especially those who have travelled some distance to be here. We would also like to thank you all very much for your cards, kind thoughts and wonderful presents. I was afraid that putting a dinner service on the wedding list was not such a good idea, when I discussed it with Mary I suggested that we should get a dishwasher, but she told me not to worry , and that she was going to get one when we got married, Me! In all seriousness when Mary and I where planning this wedding we had considered getting married abroad, however with a bit of gentle persuasion from June(Bride's mom) consisting of her tightly gripped fist and my wedding tackle, we decided to give it a miss. Somebody once asked me when Adam & Eve were together how did we know that they lived in paradise? well in view of the fact that my new Mother-in-Law is so close, I don't want to say much, other than this- Adam had no Mother-in-law, that's how we know he lived in paradise. But seriously I would like to thank June for all her... ...e is that it was Berlin's the pub, Cairo Jax the nightclub, Iceland the freezer shop and Texas the DIY store. Finally I asked Mary's mom in the Church, how did Mary look in her wedding dress, she said she looked wonderful, but that didn't prepare me enough for when I saw her walk down the aisle. I was overwhelmed to say the least by how beautiful Mary looks today. So, to my wife, my bride and joy – thank you for everything you have done and making me the happiest man alive. you know everything about me and love me just the same, I have my faults, yet you still agreed to marry me. I am extremely lucky today to be the one to marry you - and I hope this is the start of many happy years together. Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeche Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom I was really, really nervous about standing up here and speaking. I did prepare a few lines for today and having snorted them I now feel absolutely fine. I did have a great speech worked out for you today, but as I am now married, my wife has told me what to say instead. I'd like to start by thanking you all on behalf of my wife and I being here with us today, especially those who have travelled some distance to be here. We would also like to thank you all very much for your cards, kind thoughts and wonderful presents. I was afraid that putting a dinner service on the wedding list was not such a good idea, when I discussed it with Mary I suggested that we should get a dishwasher, but she told me not to worry , and that she was going to get one when we got married, Me! In all seriousness when Mary and I where planning this wedding we had considered getting married abroad, however with a bit of gentle persuasion from June(Bride's mom) consisting of her tightly gripped fist and my wedding tackle, we decided to give it a miss. Somebody once asked me when Adam & Eve were together how did we know that they lived in paradise? well in view of the fact that my new Mother-in-Law is so close, I don't want to say much, other than this- Adam had no Mother-in-law, that's how we know he lived in paradise. But seriously I would like to thank June for all her... ...e is that it was Berlin's the pub, Cairo Jax the nightclub, Iceland the freezer shop and Texas the DIY store. Finally I asked Mary's mom in the Church, how did Mary look in her wedding dress, she said she looked wonderful, but that didn't prepare me enough for when I saw her walk down the aisle. I was overwhelmed to say the least by how beautiful Mary looks today. So, to my wife, my bride and joy – thank you for everything you have done and making me the happiest man alive. you know everything about me and love me just the same, I have my faults, yet you still agreed to marry me. I am extremely lucky today to be the one to marry you - and I hope this is the start of many happy years together.

David Hume and Naturalism

David Hume is a naturalist, which means he believes our thoughts are not based on reason at all, but are based in nature. Hume suggests that nature is all we need to justify our beliefs. This means that we make conclusions about things around us based on habits and patterns. Hume suggests that experiences explain justifications and notions far greater than any rationalization. A part of Hume’s theory lies in the sentiment of feeling. â€Å"It must be excited by nature†¦ [and] whenever any object is presented to the memory or senses, it immediately, by the force of custom, carries the imagination to conceive that object†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hume p. 1). This means that a feeling occurs when the senses bring an object to the imagination.Nature creates being according to Hume’s naturalist ideas. According to Hume’s naturalism philosophy, humans and other animals experience nature and create feelings in very similar manners, and from similar causes. Hume emphasizes th at both humans and other animals make predictions and explanations about the world, and all of this is because of experiencing nature. Discipline and education are the core of learning for animals. Animals, therefore, are not guided in these inferences by reasoning: Neither are children: Neither are the generality of mankind, in their ordinary actions and conclusions: Neither are philosophers themselves, who, in all the active parts of life, are, in the main, the same with the vulgar, and are governed by the same maxims† (Hume p. 70). Hume suggests that when animals or humans are experiencing a new situation it is actually a combination of past events they are already familiar with. Hume suggests that reasoning and argumentation cannot be trusted (Hume p. 71).Therefore, it is the senses of all beings observing nature that create emotions, thoughts, and experiences. It is also expressed in Hume’s Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding that animals have knowledge not only from observation, but also a lot from â€Å"the original hand of nature† (Hume p. 72). This could mean that animals have certain instincts given by nature that can not be controlled. Hume was in all senses a naturalist. Nature holds all answers according to Hume, and neither humans nor other animals hold the ability to create arguments and ideas without nature.

The islamization of the economy and the development of islamic banking in pakistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4252 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The Islamization of the Economy and the Development of Islamic Banking in Pakistan 1. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyse the efforts that have been made and measures that have been taken to Islamise the Pakistan economy, especially in field of the banking and financial. This analytical study is composed of four major sections. Section 1 explains the objectives and purposes of the study. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The islamization of the economy and the development of islamic banking in pakistan" essay for you Create order In Section 2, I have made a step by step examination of the nature, effectiveness and implications of strategic policies and measures taken to Islamise the banking and financial institutions prior to the historic judgment of the Lahore High Court that the Islamic Shariahwas the supreme law of the land. After the evaluation I have point out some of the factors that have hindered the Islamisation process in Pakistan. In Section 3, I have examined the strategies and efforts made into the re-launch of the establishment process of Islamic banking after the judgment of the Supreme Court. Finally, Section 4 I have expressed some future expectations about Islamic banking and recommend some directions for the development of Islamic banking. 2. A Historical Perspective of Islamisation Measures Taken Prior to the Judgment of the Supreme Court Islam was the basis for demanding a separate and independent country within the British ruled Indian sub-continent. The freedom movement of Pakistan was based on the two-nation philosophy, which stated that the Hindus and Muslims of India were two different nations each having her own religion, customs and lifestyle. Pakistan was created so that its people could live according to Islamic teachings and principles. Today the world is beginning to recognize the significance of the Islamic finance industry, but in Pakistan the importance of adopting an Islamic economic system was stressed soon after its independence sixty years ago. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Founder of Pakistan) emphasized the virtues of Islamic principles. In his historic address at the inauguration of the State Bank of Pakistan on July 1, 1948, he said: I shall watch with keenness the work of your organization in evolving banking practices compatible with Islamic ideas of social and economic life. We must work towards our destiny in our own way and present to the world an economic system based on the true Islamic concept of the equality of manhood and social justice. Soon after the independence several strategic measures, both at constitutional and institutional levels were taken for the inducement and implication of Islamic principles in the state affairs. In following sub-sections we will examine these measures in a gradual order. 2.2 Measures Taken at the State Bank of Pakistan During the first decade of the establishment of the State Bank of Pakistan, no substantive research work could be done for the promotion or development of an Islamic economy [State bank of Pakistan as there was no economist in the country well acquainted with both the basic principles of Islamic fiqh and contemporary economics [State Bank of Pakistan 2000: 609]. In 1963, the State Bank prepared a comprehensive note for the benefit of the Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) on various issues related to the problem of riba. The council gave its views in 1969, stating that modern interest falls under the definition of ribaand therefore must be abolished from all banking and financial institutions. In 1978, the Islamic Economics Division of the State Bank of Pakistan completed an in-depth study of various ingredients of the Islamic financial system including mudarabah, shirkah(shirkah, shirakahor musharakah: a specific device of Islamic finance similar to Joint venture), salam(a specific f inancial mode of Islamic finance where the seller undertakes to supply specific goods to the buyer at a future date in exchange of an advanced price fully paid at spot. The price is in cash but the supply of purchased goods is deferred), murabahah, zakat usherand other related issues. This Division served as the hub of the national effort to mark out an overarching financial system compliant with Shariahprinciples. It served as the secretariat of the meetings of the Council of Islamic Ideology (CII), the Panel of Economists and Bankers, and six special work groups that were entrusted with the job of hammering out the details for transforming the financial system. 2.2.1 Formation of Special Working Groups at the State Bank In a meeting on the April 8th, 1979, six work groups were formed to study in-depth the issues for the abolition of ribaand to transform the financial institutions. These work groups were to cover the following fields of finance: Government transactions. State Bank of Pakistan: Domestic transactions and bank monetary policy. Bank deposits, Inter-Bank relations and bank management. Loans for fixed investment in industry, agriculture, construction, etc. Financing of working capital requirements. Co-operative credit system. In February 1980, the Panel of Economists and Bankers, established under the supervision of the State Bank of Pakistan, gave its detailed final report which was submitted to the government, through the CII, in June 1980. This report prescribed a time frame, according to which the process of eliminating interest in Pakistan was to be completed by July, 1982. 2.2.2 Development of Permissible Modes of Finance For conducting Islamic banking operations in practice, the State Bank of Pakistan issued its Circular No. 13; dated June 20th, 1984 and approved the following twelve modes of finance to be used by all banks carrying out banking activities in Pakistan. These financial techniques or modes can be classified into three categories: A. Trade related/type modes of financing mark-up/cost plus sale mark-down buy-back leasing hire-purchase development charges B. Investment related/type modes of financing musharakah equity participation participation term certificate (PTCs) rent sharing C. Loan related modes i.e. financing by lending loans carrying service charges qard-ul-hasan(beneficiary loan) 2.4 Judgments of the Supreme Court on Banking Practices The procedure adopted by banks after July 1985 was based largely on mark-up techniques with or without a buy-back arrangement. Consequently it was eventually declared un-Islamic by the Federal Shariah Court (FSC) in a judgment in November 1991. The government appealed against the Federal Shariah Courts judgment to the Shariah Appellate Bench (SAB) of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The Supreme Court too, in its historic judgment on December 23rd, 1999, rejected the governments appeals and asked the government to remove all laws involving interest before June 30th, 2001 [SAB Supreme Court of Pakistan 2000: 468]. The Court declared many of the prescribed modes of investment and finance designed by SBP, and the practices of the commercial banks using these modes as un-Islamic. The judgment of the court concluded that: All prevailing forms of interest, either in banking transactions or in private transactions fall within the definition of riba. Any interest stipulated in government borrowings acquired from domestic or foreign sources are ribaand clearly prohibited by the Holy Quran. The present financial system, based on interest, is against the injunctions of Islam as laid down by the Holy Quran and Sunnah, and in order to bring it into conformity with the Shariah, it has to be subjected to radical changes. The court asked the government to set up a Commission for Transformation of Financial System (CTFS) and for two task forces to be set up to plan and implement the process of this transformation. Thus, the CTFS was constituted in January 2000 by the SBP under the chairmanship of I.A. Hanfi, a former governor of the SBP. A task force was set up in the Ministry of Finance to suggest ways in which interest could be eliminated from government financial transactions. Another task force was set up in the Ministry of Law to suggest amendments to the legal framework to implement the courts judgment. However the government, working through a public sector bank, went to court to ask for an extension of the date until 2006. The court gave only a years extension to its earlier June 30th, 2001, deadline. The government constituted a high level commission and a number of task forces and committees to study the prospects of transforming the interest based financial system of the time into a Shariahcompliant system and to format the transformation plan. However they all arrived at the obvious conclusion that the transformation of the financial system as a whole was not possible in the short term due to a variety of factors. In fact, the complexity of the branch networks of national, foreign and state-owned and private commercial banks, an absence of committed and sustained efforts, and a lack of genuine support from various segments of society resulted in the failure of Islamization process. Indeed, developing a successful, workable and complete model of Islamic banking was a complex and difficult task for the government, especially in the case a developing country like Pakistan. Therefore, it was decided in the year 2001 to compromise by promoting Islamic banking on a parallel basis wi th the conventional banking system. The worse was yet to come. All the efforts that had been made to introduce Shariahcompliant Islamic banking received a serious blow when on June 21st, 2002, while reviewing a petition by United Bank Limited (UBL), the Supreme Courts SAB set aside all the previous judgments in this regard, including its own historic decision of December 23rd, 1999, and the November 1991 decision of the Federal Shariah Court (FSC). Horrified by this turn of events, the Shariah Appelates Bench (SAB) of the Supreme Court asked the FSC to re-hear the original case. Since then, the case has been collecting dust in a long line of cases still waiting to be reviewed. Consequently, the efforts to transform the banking and financial institutions of Pakistan took a new turn, which in time lead the State Bank and other authorities to mark out a new strategy for altering the existing practices of the countrys financial institutions. It should be remembered throughout all this that the commandments and views of Hol y Quran on the prohibition of ribaare clear and unequivocal. Moreover, the constitution of Pakistan 1973, in its Article 227 states that all existing laws shall be brought into conformity with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Article 37 of the same (1973) constitution dealing with the Principle of Policy states that it is the duty of the State to eliminate ribaas early as possible. There is complete unanimity among all schools of religious thought that the term ribacovers interest in all its manifestations. 3. Post Judgment Measures Taken for the Re-launching of Islamic Banking Since the measures undertaken for the transformation of state owned banks from the existing conventional system to a Shariahcompliant system could not be brought to a satisfactory outcome, it was decided to establish an independent statutory body for this purpose. The Commission for the Transformation of the Financial System (CTFS) was constituted in January 2000 in the State Bank of Pakistan [State Bank of Pakistan 2002: 192]. A task force was set up in the Ministry of Finance to work out ways to eliminate interest from the governments financial transactions. Another task force was set up in the Ministry of Law to draw up amendments to the legal framework to implement the courts judgment. The CTFS constituted a Committee for the Development of Financial Instruments and Standardized Documents in the State Bank to prepare model agreements and financial instruments for the new system. The First Interim Report of the CTFS submitted in October 2000, identified a number of prior actions w hich needed to be taken in order to prepare the ground for the transformation of the countrys financial system. The Second Interim Report submitted in May 2001, identified major Shariahcompliant modes of financing, mapped out their essentials, drafted a seminal law captioned The Islamization of Financial Transactions Ordinance, 2001, drew up model agreements for major modes of financing, and wrote guidelines for the conversion of the products and services of banks and financial institutions. The Final Report, made by combining the two above mentioned reports, was sent to the government in August 2001. The Commission also dealt with major products of banks and financial institutions, both assets and liabilities, such as letters of credit or guarantee, bills of exchange, term finance certificates (TFCs), State Banks refinance schemes, credit cards, interbank transactions, underwriting, foreign currency forward cover and various kinds of bank accounts. This report contained a recommend ation for forestalling willful default and safeguarding the banks, their depositors and their clients against such losses. According to the Commission, prior/preparatory works for the introduction of a Shariahcompliant financial system in brief included creating a legal infrastructure conducive to the working of the Islamic financial system, launching a massive education and training program for bankers and their clients and an effective campaign through media to create an awareness among the general public about the implications of an Islamic financial system. 3.2 Measures Taken at the State Bank of Pakistan It was decided that the shift to an interest free economy would be made in a gradual and phased manner so as not to cause any disruptions. The State Bank of Pakistan took the essential steps and adopted the following strategy to promote Islamic banking in Pakistan. SBP expressed its commitment to introducing Islamic banking in the country on a parallel basis [SBP Annual report of 2001-2002: 194]. The following measures were taken in this regard: For the establishment of Islamic banks in the private sector SBP issued detailed criteria for the setting up of a Scheduled Islamic Commercial Bank to conduct business based on the principles of the Shariah. In order to promote Islamic Banking, the existing scheduled commercial banks were allowed to open subsidiaries for Islamic banking operations. With the objective of promoting Islamic banking SBP prepared a detailed guideline for the opening of Stand-alone Islamic Banking branches by existing commercial banks. Furthermore, SBP has taken a number of initiatives since this judgment: A detailed set of criteria for the establishment of Islamic commercial banks in the private sector was issued in December 2001. A new, fully dedicated Islamic bank, Meezan Bank Limited, has been issued a license and the bank has started its business. In order to allow existing banks to set up subsidiaries for Islamic banking, draft amendments in Section 23 of the Banking Companies Ordinance 1962 have been submitted to the government for approval. A new Islamic Banking Division has been established in the Banking Policy Department for the regulation and promotion of Islamic banking. Existing Prudential Regulations have been reviewed by SBP for their application to Islamic banks, and revised regulations are being prepared. The Export Finance Scheme of SBP is being revised to conform to a musharakahformat. Courses on Islamic economics, banking and finance have been included in the curricula of the Institute of Bankers in Pakistan. The International Islamic University, Islamabad, has conducted a teacher training course on the Islamic Financial System in April 2002. SBPs staff along with the staff of other banks attended the course. SBP has reviewed its forms of bank financial statements in the light of newly developed accounting standards. A Shariah Board comprising two Shariahscholars and three experts in the fields and professions of banking, accounting and financial law has been established in the State Bank of Pakistan to advise on modes, procedures, laws and regulations for Shariahcompliant Islamic banking. 3.3 The Present Picture of Islamic Banking in Pakistan There are 6 full-fledged Islamic and 13 conventional banks conducting Islamic banking in Pakistan at present. The names of the six Islamic banks are: Meezan Islamic Bank, Al-Baraka Limited and First Dawood Islamic Bank. According to the quarterly report of the State Bank of Pakistan, the total assets of these Islamic banks now stands at PRS 136 billion, the assets growth rate of Islamic banks is estimated at 10.5% over the period. The assets share of Islamic banking in the overall banking system is estimated to be 3.2% at present. The total of number of Islamic banking branches at Islamic banks and conventional banks is 173. These 173 Islamic banking branches count for less than 1.5% of more than 8500 banking branches of the country. The number of branches and the number of banks offering Islamic banking are tabulated as followings. Table 1: Islamic Banks and Islamic Banking Branches in Pakistan According to the state bank of Pakistans quarterly report of July 2007, total assets of these banking branches now stands for more than 136 billion Pak-Rupees. The assets growth rate of these banks is estimated more than 10% over the period. The assets share of Islamic banking in overall banking industry is more than 3.2%. These figures indicate that each Islamic banking branch posses more than double worth of assets as compared to conventional banking branch. Name of Bank Category No. of Branches Al-Baraka Islamic Bank Islamic bank 11 Bank Islami Pakistan Limited ,, 13 Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan ,, 15 Emirates Global Islamic Bank ,, 6 First Dawood Islamic Bank ,, 1 Meezan Islamic Bank ,, 69 Subtotal: 6 A 115 Askari Commercial Bank conventional bank 6 ABN AMRO Bank Limited ,, 1 Bank Al-Habib ,, 3 Bank Al-Falah ,, 23 Bank of Khyber ,, 5 Habib Bank Metropolitan ,, 4 Habib Bank Limited ,, 1 MCB Bank Limited ,, 6 National Bank of Pakistan ,, 1 Prime Commercial Bank Limited ,, 2 Soneri Bank Limited ,, 2 Standard Chartered Bank ,, 3 United Bank Limited ,, 1 Subtotal: 13 B 58 Total: 19 A+B 173 Source: State Bank of Pakistan Quarterly Report July.2007 Table 2: Progress of Islamic Banks and their Market Share in Pakistan Description March-07 Dec-06 Dec-05 Dec-04 Dec-03 Total Assets 136 118 72 44 13 % of Banking Industry 3.2 2.9 2.1 1.4 0.5 Deposits 93 83 50 30 8 % of Banking Industry 3.0 2.8 1.9 1.2 0.4 Finance Investment 78 72 48 30 10 % of Banking Industry 2.5 2.4 1.8 1.3 0.5 Source: State Bank of Pakistan Quarterly Report July. 2007 3.4 Factors Supporting the Development of Islamic Banking in Pakistan (a) Decentralization of Administrative Power The responsibility for the adaptation of the market economy, the decentralization or privatization of loss making state-owned financial enterprises and the task of establishing Islamic banks was transferred to the State Bank of Pakistan. The State Bank of Pakistan took the initiative to launch Islamic banking in gradual phases. The emphasis was to promote and establish new full-fledged Islamic Banks rather than continue the transformation of existing conventional banks towards Islamization. Since the year 2000, the State Bank of Pakistan has followed various strategies to promote Islamic Banking such as; (a) the setting up of the criteria for establishing independent Islamic branches or subsidiary branches of Islamic banking; (b) The formation of the Islamic Banking Division at the State Bank of Pakistan and; (c) The establishment of a Shariah Scholar Board at the State Bank of Pakistan. All these above measures have imparted a positive impact on the effective working of Islamic Bank ing. (b) Commendable Developments in the Economy after the Year 2000 Despite a series of domestic and external shocks of an unprecedented nature, the economy of Pakistan has made commendable progress since the year 2000. It is a well-established fact that the decade of the 1990s was a lost decade for Pakistan. While many developing countries made substantial economic progress Pakistan lurched from one economic crisis to another mainly of its own making [Ashfaq 2004]. Commercial banks and other financial institutions became the instruments of political patronage and profit for certain sub-sections of society. The average economic growth was between 3-4% per annum. During the years 2000-2005 the average economic growth increased to 7-8% per annum. The depth and efficiency of financial intermediation in Pakistan has improved. The bank assets to GDP ratio rose from 49.1% in 1997 to 55.6% in 2005 and the deposit to GDP ratio an indicator of the level of financial savings- rose from 38.7% in 1997 to 43.1% in 2005. More significantly, equity market capitali zation grew from a mere 10.3% of GDP in 2000 to 37.1% of GDP in 2006. (c) Participation and Sharing of Islamic or Religious Parties in Political Power When Pakistan became an independent nation, the Ulema(Religious leaders or Muslim Scholars) did not wait long to demand their share of power in running the new state. Jamat-i-Islami made the achievement of an Islamic Constitution its central goal. In February 1948, Maulana Maududi, while addressing the Lahore Law College, demanded that the Constitutional Assembly should unequivocally declare: That the sovereignty of the State of Pakistan is vested in Allah and the government of Pakistan shall be only an agent to execute the Sovereigns Will. That the Islamic Shariahshall form the inviolable basic code for all legislation in Pakistan. That all existing or future legislation which may contravene, whether in letter or in spirit, the Islamic Shariahshall be null and void and be considered ultra vires(beyond the legal capacity) of the constitution. That the powers of the government of Pakistan shall be derived from, circumscribed by and exercised within the limits of the Islamic Shariahalone. On January 13th, 1948, Jamiat-al-Ulema-i-Islam, led by Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, passed a resolution in Karachi demanding that the government appoint a leading alim(Islamic scholar) to the office of Shaikh al-Islam, with appropriate ministerial and executive powers over the qadis (Islamic judges) throughout the country. On February 9th, 1948, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, addressing the Ulema-i-Islam conference in Dacca, demanded that the Constituent Assembly Should set up a committee consisting of eminent Ulema(Islamic scholars.) and thinkers to prepare a draft for an Islamic state and present it to the Assembly. The declaration of Pakistan as an Islamic Republic in 1953 was also the result of the struggle of these Islamic parties. All of the above and other Islamic parties also take-part in politics actively, and their share of power is increasing gradually. The struggles of these parties to establish an Islamic state is beginning to bear fruit now. The Islamization Program o f Zia-ul-Haq, Islamization amendments in Pakistans constitution, and the Islamization of the economy is the result of the efforts of these Islamic or religious parties. (d) The Prudential Performance of Islamic Banks and the Risk Taking Attitude of Investors When compared to conventional banks the performance of Islamic banks is more commendable because Islamic banks distribute higher profits. 80.9% of respondents said that Islamic banks distribute higher profits when compared to conventional banks in Pakistan [Hassan 2007: 210-17]. In same study we found that investors were prepared to take a risk in the case of Islamic banks, with 88.48% of respondents saying that they would continue their financial dealing with Islamic banks, even though the risk with these banks was higher than the conventional banks. 4. Conclusion and Expectations Soon after the independence of Pakistan several efforts and strategic measures were taken to induce and implication the Islamic principles in state affairs, such as: Efforts to introduce Islamic principles into the constitution. At theoretical level, several debates were held focusing on the elimination of ribafrom the economy in these debated some unanimity was achieved. At institutional level, a number of constituent bodies such as the Federal Shariah Court, the Commission for the Islamization of Economy and the Council of Islamic Ideology were formed to formulate the suggestions and recommendations for the elimination of interest from the economy. Some important lessons have emerged from Pakistans experience through the Islamization efforts of the 1980s. First, the policy of transforming the financial and banking sectors in at once or in one-step did not brought the desired results. Most of the measures were later reversed or, at least, further enhancement of the Islamization of the economy was halted. Second, decentralization or privatization of state owned banks and financial institutions was initiated and measures to establish a market economy were adopted. This policy helped the government to get rid of loss generating financial institutions and allowed it to concentrate on the process of Islamizing the economy. Third, an evolutionary (step-by-step) process, rather than a revolutionary (at once or sudden) approach was introduced in order to nurture the acceptability and development of an Islamic financial industry. The State Bank of Pakistan wisely adopted a gradual approach to establishing Islamic banking in Pakistan. Und er this policy, Islamic banking is being promoted in parallel with the conventional finance industry, in an integrated, gradual and steady way. In addition, SBP allows conventional banks to set up Islamic banking subsidiaries or dedicated Islamic banking branches to offer a range of financial services. SBP has put into place a comprehensive and robust multi-tiered Shariah compliance mechanism to increase customers and investors confidence in the Islamic banking industry. The Shariahcompliance mechanism has three main pillars: a Shariah Board at SBP which approves policies and guidelines as well as fitting and proper criteria for its advisors; Shariah advisors in each bank to provide guidance to the bank staff and comfort to its customers on Islamic financial services; and a Shariah Audit System. Although the process of re-launching Islamic banking in Pakistan started just four years ago the assets share of Islamic banks in the overall banking sector of Pakistan is remarkable. Now Islamic banks in Pakistan have more than 3.2% of the total deposits of the countrys entire banking and financial sector. Islamic banks have more than 25000 borrowers now. These figures are noteworthy to show the prudential performance of Islamic banks because the risks involved are relatively different. Investors of Islamic banks face greater risks than investors of conventional banks. The progress of Islamic banks indicates that their popularity is growing and these banks are becoming attractive to investors. Furthermore, these banks have developed several new modes and instruments of finance and investments and now offer 75% of the financial instruments available at conventional banks. The present emphasis of the Shariah Advisory Board and the Islamic banks business development managers is on Shar iahcompliance. Keeping in mind the future of Islamic banks, it is hoped that this emphasis will shift to introducing a variety of financial instruments and modes of investment, and that continued financial development will increase the share of Islamic banks in banking and financial market. Presently, almost all Islamic banks are operating exclusively in the mega cities and big business centers of the country, but they are still noticeably absent from urban and rural areas where many potential customers with an urgent need for Islamic banking are waiting. It is suggested that opening operations in secondary and rural areas will foster the future development of Islamic banking.