Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeche

Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom I was really, really nervous about standing up here and speaking. I did prepare a few lines for today and having snorted them I now feel absolutely fine. I did have a great speech worked out for you today, but as I am now married, my wife has told me what to say instead. I'd like to start by thanking you all on behalf of my wife and I being here with us today, especially those who have travelled some distance to be here. We would also like to thank you all very much for your cards, kind thoughts and wonderful presents. I was afraid that putting a dinner service on the wedding list was not such a good idea, when I discussed it with Mary I suggested that we should get a dishwasher, but she told me not to worry , and that she was going to get one when we got married, Me! In all seriousness when Mary and I where planning this wedding we had considered getting married abroad, however with a bit of gentle persuasion from June(Bride's mom) consisting of her tightly gripped fist and my wedding tackle, we decided to give it a miss. Somebody once asked me when Adam & Eve were together how did we know that they lived in paradise? well in view of the fact that my new Mother-in-Law is so close, I don't want to say much, other than this- Adam had no Mother-in-law, that's how we know he lived in paradise. But seriously I would like to thank June for all her... ...e is that it was Berlin's the pub, Cairo Jax the nightclub, Iceland the freezer shop and Texas the DIY store. Finally I asked Mary's mom in the Church, how did Mary look in her wedding dress, she said she looked wonderful, but that didn't prepare me enough for when I saw her walk down the aisle. I was overwhelmed to say the least by how beautiful Mary looks today. So, to my wife, my bride and joy – thank you for everything you have done and making me the happiest man alive. you know everything about me and love me just the same, I have my faults, yet you still agreed to marry me. I am extremely lucky today to be the one to marry you - and I hope this is the start of many happy years together. Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeche Wedding Speech Delivered by the Groom I was really, really nervous about standing up here and speaking. I did prepare a few lines for today and having snorted them I now feel absolutely fine. I did have a great speech worked out for you today, but as I am now married, my wife has told me what to say instead. I'd like to start by thanking you all on behalf of my wife and I being here with us today, especially those who have travelled some distance to be here. We would also like to thank you all very much for your cards, kind thoughts and wonderful presents. I was afraid that putting a dinner service on the wedding list was not such a good idea, when I discussed it with Mary I suggested that we should get a dishwasher, but she told me not to worry , and that she was going to get one when we got married, Me! In all seriousness when Mary and I where planning this wedding we had considered getting married abroad, however with a bit of gentle persuasion from June(Bride's mom) consisting of her tightly gripped fist and my wedding tackle, we decided to give it a miss. Somebody once asked me when Adam & Eve were together how did we know that they lived in paradise? well in view of the fact that my new Mother-in-Law is so close, I don't want to say much, other than this- Adam had no Mother-in-law, that's how we know he lived in paradise. But seriously I would like to thank June for all her... ...e is that it was Berlin's the pub, Cairo Jax the nightclub, Iceland the freezer shop and Texas the DIY store. Finally I asked Mary's mom in the Church, how did Mary look in her wedding dress, she said she looked wonderful, but that didn't prepare me enough for when I saw her walk down the aisle. I was overwhelmed to say the least by how beautiful Mary looks today. So, to my wife, my bride and joy – thank you for everything you have done and making me the happiest man alive. you know everything about me and love me just the same, I have my faults, yet you still agreed to marry me. I am extremely lucky today to be the one to marry you - and I hope this is the start of many happy years together.

David Hume and Naturalism

David Hume is a naturalist, which means he believes our thoughts are not based on reason at all, but are based in nature. Hume suggests that nature is all we need to justify our beliefs. This means that we make conclusions about things around us based on habits and patterns. Hume suggests that experiences explain justifications and notions far greater than any rationalization. A part of Hume’s theory lies in the sentiment of feeling. â€Å"It must be excited by nature†¦ [and] whenever any object is presented to the memory or senses, it immediately, by the force of custom, carries the imagination to conceive that object†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hume p. 1). This means that a feeling occurs when the senses bring an object to the imagination.Nature creates being according to Hume’s naturalist ideas. According to Hume’s naturalism philosophy, humans and other animals experience nature and create feelings in very similar manners, and from similar causes. Hume emphasizes th at both humans and other animals make predictions and explanations about the world, and all of this is because of experiencing nature. Discipline and education are the core of learning for animals. Animals, therefore, are not guided in these inferences by reasoning: Neither are children: Neither are the generality of mankind, in their ordinary actions and conclusions: Neither are philosophers themselves, who, in all the active parts of life, are, in the main, the same with the vulgar, and are governed by the same maxims† (Hume p. 70). Hume suggests that when animals or humans are experiencing a new situation it is actually a combination of past events they are already familiar with. Hume suggests that reasoning and argumentation cannot be trusted (Hume p. 71).Therefore, it is the senses of all beings observing nature that create emotions, thoughts, and experiences. It is also expressed in Hume’s Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding that animals have knowledge not only from observation, but also a lot from â€Å"the original hand of nature† (Hume p. 72). This could mean that animals have certain instincts given by nature that can not be controlled. Hume was in all senses a naturalist. Nature holds all answers according to Hume, and neither humans nor other animals hold the ability to create arguments and ideas without nature.

The islamization of the economy and the development of islamic banking in pakistan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4252 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The Islamization of the Economy and the Development of Islamic Banking in Pakistan 1. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to analyse the efforts that have been made and measures that have been taken to Islamise the Pakistan economy, especially in field of the banking and financial. This analytical study is composed of four major sections. Section 1 explains the objectives and purposes of the study. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The islamization of the economy and the development of islamic banking in pakistan" essay for you Create order In Section 2, I have made a step by step examination of the nature, effectiveness and implications of strategic policies and measures taken to Islamise the banking and financial institutions prior to the historic judgment of the Lahore High Court that the Islamic Shariahwas the supreme law of the land. After the evaluation I have point out some of the factors that have hindered the Islamisation process in Pakistan. In Section 3, I have examined the strategies and efforts made into the re-launch of the establishment process of Islamic banking after the judgment of the Supreme Court. Finally, Section 4 I have expressed some future expectations about Islamic banking and recommend some directions for the development of Islamic banking. 2. A Historical Perspective of Islamisation Measures Taken Prior to the Judgment of the Supreme Court Islam was the basis for demanding a separate and independent country within the British ruled Indian sub-continent. The freedom movement of Pakistan was based on the two-nation philosophy, which stated that the Hindus and Muslims of India were two different nations each having her own religion, customs and lifestyle. Pakistan was created so that its people could live according to Islamic teachings and principles. Today the world is beginning to recognize the significance of the Islamic finance industry, but in Pakistan the importance of adopting an Islamic economic system was stressed soon after its independence sixty years ago. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Founder of Pakistan) emphasized the virtues of Islamic principles. In his historic address at the inauguration of the State Bank of Pakistan on July 1, 1948, he said: I shall watch with keenness the work of your organization in evolving banking practices compatible with Islamic ideas of social and economic life. We must work towards our destiny in our own way and present to the world an economic system based on the true Islamic concept of the equality of manhood and social justice. Soon after the independence several strategic measures, both at constitutional and institutional levels were taken for the inducement and implication of Islamic principles in the state affairs. In following sub-sections we will examine these measures in a gradual order. 2.2 Measures Taken at the State Bank of Pakistan During the first decade of the establishment of the State Bank of Pakistan, no substantive research work could be done for the promotion or development of an Islamic economy [State bank of Pakistan as there was no economist in the country well acquainted with both the basic principles of Islamic fiqh and contemporary economics [State Bank of Pakistan 2000: 609]. In 1963, the State Bank prepared a comprehensive note for the benefit of the Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) on various issues related to the problem of riba. The council gave its views in 1969, stating that modern interest falls under the definition of ribaand therefore must be abolished from all banking and financial institutions. In 1978, the Islamic Economics Division of the State Bank of Pakistan completed an in-depth study of various ingredients of the Islamic financial system including mudarabah, shirkah(shirkah, shirakahor musharakah: a specific device of Islamic finance similar to Joint venture), salam(a specific f inancial mode of Islamic finance where the seller undertakes to supply specific goods to the buyer at a future date in exchange of an advanced price fully paid at spot. The price is in cash but the supply of purchased goods is deferred), murabahah, zakat usherand other related issues. This Division served as the hub of the national effort to mark out an overarching financial system compliant with Shariahprinciples. It served as the secretariat of the meetings of the Council of Islamic Ideology (CII), the Panel of Economists and Bankers, and six special work groups that were entrusted with the job of hammering out the details for transforming the financial system. 2.2.1 Formation of Special Working Groups at the State Bank In a meeting on the April 8th, 1979, six work groups were formed to study in-depth the issues for the abolition of ribaand to transform the financial institutions. These work groups were to cover the following fields of finance: Government transactions. State Bank of Pakistan: Domestic transactions and bank monetary policy. Bank deposits, Inter-Bank relations and bank management. Loans for fixed investment in industry, agriculture, construction, etc. Financing of working capital requirements. Co-operative credit system. In February 1980, the Panel of Economists and Bankers, established under the supervision of the State Bank of Pakistan, gave its detailed final report which was submitted to the government, through the CII, in June 1980. This report prescribed a time frame, according to which the process of eliminating interest in Pakistan was to be completed by July, 1982. 2.2.2 Development of Permissible Modes of Finance For conducting Islamic banking operations in practice, the State Bank of Pakistan issued its Circular No. 13; dated June 20th, 1984 and approved the following twelve modes of finance to be used by all banks carrying out banking activities in Pakistan. These financial techniques or modes can be classified into three categories: A. Trade related/type modes of financing mark-up/cost plus sale mark-down buy-back leasing hire-purchase development charges B. Investment related/type modes of financing musharakah equity participation participation term certificate (PTCs) rent sharing C. Loan related modes i.e. financing by lending loans carrying service charges qard-ul-hasan(beneficiary loan) 2.4 Judgments of the Supreme Court on Banking Practices The procedure adopted by banks after July 1985 was based largely on mark-up techniques with or without a buy-back arrangement. Consequently it was eventually declared un-Islamic by the Federal Shariah Court (FSC) in a judgment in November 1991. The government appealed against the Federal Shariah Courts judgment to the Shariah Appellate Bench (SAB) of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The Supreme Court too, in its historic judgment on December 23rd, 1999, rejected the governments appeals and asked the government to remove all laws involving interest before June 30th, 2001 [SAB Supreme Court of Pakistan 2000: 468]. The Court declared many of the prescribed modes of investment and finance designed by SBP, and the practices of the commercial banks using these modes as un-Islamic. The judgment of the court concluded that: All prevailing forms of interest, either in banking transactions or in private transactions fall within the definition of riba. Any interest stipulated in government borrowings acquired from domestic or foreign sources are ribaand clearly prohibited by the Holy Quran. The present financial system, based on interest, is against the injunctions of Islam as laid down by the Holy Quran and Sunnah, and in order to bring it into conformity with the Shariah, it has to be subjected to radical changes. The court asked the government to set up a Commission for Transformation of Financial System (CTFS) and for two task forces to be set up to plan and implement the process of this transformation. Thus, the CTFS was constituted in January 2000 by the SBP under the chairmanship of I.A. Hanfi, a former governor of the SBP. A task force was set up in the Ministry of Finance to suggest ways in which interest could be eliminated from government financial transactions. Another task force was set up in the Ministry of Law to suggest amendments to the legal framework to implement the courts judgment. However the government, working through a public sector bank, went to court to ask for an extension of the date until 2006. The court gave only a years extension to its earlier June 30th, 2001, deadline. The government constituted a high level commission and a number of task forces and committees to study the prospects of transforming the interest based financial system of the time into a Shariahcompliant system and to format the transformation plan. However they all arrived at the obvious conclusion that the transformation of the financial system as a whole was not possible in the short term due to a variety of factors. In fact, the complexity of the branch networks of national, foreign and state-owned and private commercial banks, an absence of committed and sustained efforts, and a lack of genuine support from various segments of society resulted in the failure of Islamization process. Indeed, developing a successful, workable and complete model of Islamic banking was a complex and difficult task for the government, especially in the case a developing country like Pakistan. Therefore, it was decided in the year 2001 to compromise by promoting Islamic banking on a parallel basis wi th the conventional banking system. The worse was yet to come. All the efforts that had been made to introduce Shariahcompliant Islamic banking received a serious blow when on June 21st, 2002, while reviewing a petition by United Bank Limited (UBL), the Supreme Courts SAB set aside all the previous judgments in this regard, including its own historic decision of December 23rd, 1999, and the November 1991 decision of the Federal Shariah Court (FSC). Horrified by this turn of events, the Shariah Appelates Bench (SAB) of the Supreme Court asked the FSC to re-hear the original case. Since then, the case has been collecting dust in a long line of cases still waiting to be reviewed. Consequently, the efforts to transform the banking and financial institutions of Pakistan took a new turn, which in time lead the State Bank and other authorities to mark out a new strategy for altering the existing practices of the countrys financial institutions. It should be remembered throughout all this that the commandments and views of Hol y Quran on the prohibition of ribaare clear and unequivocal. Moreover, the constitution of Pakistan 1973, in its Article 227 states that all existing laws shall be brought into conformity with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Article 37 of the same (1973) constitution dealing with the Principle of Policy states that it is the duty of the State to eliminate ribaas early as possible. There is complete unanimity among all schools of religious thought that the term ribacovers interest in all its manifestations. 3. Post Judgment Measures Taken for the Re-launching of Islamic Banking Since the measures undertaken for the transformation of state owned banks from the existing conventional system to a Shariahcompliant system could not be brought to a satisfactory outcome, it was decided to establish an independent statutory body for this purpose. The Commission for the Transformation of the Financial System (CTFS) was constituted in January 2000 in the State Bank of Pakistan [State Bank of Pakistan 2002: 192]. A task force was set up in the Ministry of Finance to work out ways to eliminate interest from the governments financial transactions. Another task force was set up in the Ministry of Law to draw up amendments to the legal framework to implement the courts judgment. The CTFS constituted a Committee for the Development of Financial Instruments and Standardized Documents in the State Bank to prepare model agreements and financial instruments for the new system. The First Interim Report of the CTFS submitted in October 2000, identified a number of prior actions w hich needed to be taken in order to prepare the ground for the transformation of the countrys financial system. The Second Interim Report submitted in May 2001, identified major Shariahcompliant modes of financing, mapped out their essentials, drafted a seminal law captioned The Islamization of Financial Transactions Ordinance, 2001, drew up model agreements for major modes of financing, and wrote guidelines for the conversion of the products and services of banks and financial institutions. The Final Report, made by combining the two above mentioned reports, was sent to the government in August 2001. The Commission also dealt with major products of banks and financial institutions, both assets and liabilities, such as letters of credit or guarantee, bills of exchange, term finance certificates (TFCs), State Banks refinance schemes, credit cards, interbank transactions, underwriting, foreign currency forward cover and various kinds of bank accounts. This report contained a recommend ation for forestalling willful default and safeguarding the banks, their depositors and their clients against such losses. According to the Commission, prior/preparatory works for the introduction of a Shariahcompliant financial system in brief included creating a legal infrastructure conducive to the working of the Islamic financial system, launching a massive education and training program for bankers and their clients and an effective campaign through media to create an awareness among the general public about the implications of an Islamic financial system. 3.2 Measures Taken at the State Bank of Pakistan It was decided that the shift to an interest free economy would be made in a gradual and phased manner so as not to cause any disruptions. The State Bank of Pakistan took the essential steps and adopted the following strategy to promote Islamic banking in Pakistan. SBP expressed its commitment to introducing Islamic banking in the country on a parallel basis [SBP Annual report of 2001-2002: 194]. The following measures were taken in this regard: For the establishment of Islamic banks in the private sector SBP issued detailed criteria for the setting up of a Scheduled Islamic Commercial Bank to conduct business based on the principles of the Shariah. In order to promote Islamic Banking, the existing scheduled commercial banks were allowed to open subsidiaries for Islamic banking operations. With the objective of promoting Islamic banking SBP prepared a detailed guideline for the opening of Stand-alone Islamic Banking branches by existing commercial banks. Furthermore, SBP has taken a number of initiatives since this judgment: A detailed set of criteria for the establishment of Islamic commercial banks in the private sector was issued in December 2001. A new, fully dedicated Islamic bank, Meezan Bank Limited, has been issued a license and the bank has started its business. In order to allow existing banks to set up subsidiaries for Islamic banking, draft amendments in Section 23 of the Banking Companies Ordinance 1962 have been submitted to the government for approval. A new Islamic Banking Division has been established in the Banking Policy Department for the regulation and promotion of Islamic banking. Existing Prudential Regulations have been reviewed by SBP for their application to Islamic banks, and revised regulations are being prepared. The Export Finance Scheme of SBP is being revised to conform to a musharakahformat. Courses on Islamic economics, banking and finance have been included in the curricula of the Institute of Bankers in Pakistan. The International Islamic University, Islamabad, has conducted a teacher training course on the Islamic Financial System in April 2002. SBPs staff along with the staff of other banks attended the course. SBP has reviewed its forms of bank financial statements in the light of newly developed accounting standards. A Shariah Board comprising two Shariahscholars and three experts in the fields and professions of banking, accounting and financial law has been established in the State Bank of Pakistan to advise on modes, procedures, laws and regulations for Shariahcompliant Islamic banking. 3.3 The Present Picture of Islamic Banking in Pakistan There are 6 full-fledged Islamic and 13 conventional banks conducting Islamic banking in Pakistan at present. The names of the six Islamic banks are: Meezan Islamic Bank, Al-Baraka Limited and First Dawood Islamic Bank. According to the quarterly report of the State Bank of Pakistan, the total assets of these Islamic banks now stands at PRS 136 billion, the assets growth rate of Islamic banks is estimated at 10.5% over the period. The assets share of Islamic banking in the overall banking system is estimated to be 3.2% at present. The total of number of Islamic banking branches at Islamic banks and conventional banks is 173. These 173 Islamic banking branches count for less than 1.5% of more than 8500 banking branches of the country. The number of branches and the number of banks offering Islamic banking are tabulated as followings. Table 1: Islamic Banks and Islamic Banking Branches in Pakistan According to the state bank of Pakistans quarterly report of July 2007, total assets of these banking branches now stands for more than 136 billion Pak-Rupees. The assets growth rate of these banks is estimated more than 10% over the period. The assets share of Islamic banking in overall banking industry is more than 3.2%. These figures indicate that each Islamic banking branch posses more than double worth of assets as compared to conventional banking branch. Name of Bank Category No. of Branches Al-Baraka Islamic Bank Islamic bank 11 Bank Islami Pakistan Limited ,, 13 Dubai Islamic Bank Pakistan ,, 15 Emirates Global Islamic Bank ,, 6 First Dawood Islamic Bank ,, 1 Meezan Islamic Bank ,, 69 Subtotal: 6 A 115 Askari Commercial Bank conventional bank 6 ABN AMRO Bank Limited ,, 1 Bank Al-Habib ,, 3 Bank Al-Falah ,, 23 Bank of Khyber ,, 5 Habib Bank Metropolitan ,, 4 Habib Bank Limited ,, 1 MCB Bank Limited ,, 6 National Bank of Pakistan ,, 1 Prime Commercial Bank Limited ,, 2 Soneri Bank Limited ,, 2 Standard Chartered Bank ,, 3 United Bank Limited ,, 1 Subtotal: 13 B 58 Total: 19 A+B 173 Source: State Bank of Pakistan Quarterly Report July.2007 Table 2: Progress of Islamic Banks and their Market Share in Pakistan Description March-07 Dec-06 Dec-05 Dec-04 Dec-03 Total Assets 136 118 72 44 13 % of Banking Industry 3.2 2.9 2.1 1.4 0.5 Deposits 93 83 50 30 8 % of Banking Industry 3.0 2.8 1.9 1.2 0.4 Finance Investment 78 72 48 30 10 % of Banking Industry 2.5 2.4 1.8 1.3 0.5 Source: State Bank of Pakistan Quarterly Report July. 2007 3.4 Factors Supporting the Development of Islamic Banking in Pakistan (a) Decentralization of Administrative Power The responsibility for the adaptation of the market economy, the decentralization or privatization of loss making state-owned financial enterprises and the task of establishing Islamic banks was transferred to the State Bank of Pakistan. The State Bank of Pakistan took the initiative to launch Islamic banking in gradual phases. The emphasis was to promote and establish new full-fledged Islamic Banks rather than continue the transformation of existing conventional banks towards Islamization. Since the year 2000, the State Bank of Pakistan has followed various strategies to promote Islamic Banking such as; (a) the setting up of the criteria for establishing independent Islamic branches or subsidiary branches of Islamic banking; (b) The formation of the Islamic Banking Division at the State Bank of Pakistan and; (c) The establishment of a Shariah Scholar Board at the State Bank of Pakistan. All these above measures have imparted a positive impact on the effective working of Islamic Bank ing. (b) Commendable Developments in the Economy after the Year 2000 Despite a series of domestic and external shocks of an unprecedented nature, the economy of Pakistan has made commendable progress since the year 2000. It is a well-established fact that the decade of the 1990s was a lost decade for Pakistan. While many developing countries made substantial economic progress Pakistan lurched from one economic crisis to another mainly of its own making [Ashfaq 2004]. Commercial banks and other financial institutions became the instruments of political patronage and profit for certain sub-sections of society. The average economic growth was between 3-4% per annum. During the years 2000-2005 the average economic growth increased to 7-8% per annum. The depth and efficiency of financial intermediation in Pakistan has improved. The bank assets to GDP ratio rose from 49.1% in 1997 to 55.6% in 2005 and the deposit to GDP ratio an indicator of the level of financial savings- rose from 38.7% in 1997 to 43.1% in 2005. More significantly, equity market capitali zation grew from a mere 10.3% of GDP in 2000 to 37.1% of GDP in 2006. (c) Participation and Sharing of Islamic or Religious Parties in Political Power When Pakistan became an independent nation, the Ulema(Religious leaders or Muslim Scholars) did not wait long to demand their share of power in running the new state. Jamat-i-Islami made the achievement of an Islamic Constitution its central goal. In February 1948, Maulana Maududi, while addressing the Lahore Law College, demanded that the Constitutional Assembly should unequivocally declare: That the sovereignty of the State of Pakistan is vested in Allah and the government of Pakistan shall be only an agent to execute the Sovereigns Will. That the Islamic Shariahshall form the inviolable basic code for all legislation in Pakistan. That all existing or future legislation which may contravene, whether in letter or in spirit, the Islamic Shariahshall be null and void and be considered ultra vires(beyond the legal capacity) of the constitution. That the powers of the government of Pakistan shall be derived from, circumscribed by and exercised within the limits of the Islamic Shariahalone. On January 13th, 1948, Jamiat-al-Ulema-i-Islam, led by Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, passed a resolution in Karachi demanding that the government appoint a leading alim(Islamic scholar) to the office of Shaikh al-Islam, with appropriate ministerial and executive powers over the qadis (Islamic judges) throughout the country. On February 9th, 1948, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, addressing the Ulema-i-Islam conference in Dacca, demanded that the Constituent Assembly Should set up a committee consisting of eminent Ulema(Islamic scholars.) and thinkers to prepare a draft for an Islamic state and present it to the Assembly. The declaration of Pakistan as an Islamic Republic in 1953 was also the result of the struggle of these Islamic parties. All of the above and other Islamic parties also take-part in politics actively, and their share of power is increasing gradually. The struggles of these parties to establish an Islamic state is beginning to bear fruit now. The Islamization Program o f Zia-ul-Haq, Islamization amendments in Pakistans constitution, and the Islamization of the economy is the result of the efforts of these Islamic or religious parties. (d) The Prudential Performance of Islamic Banks and the Risk Taking Attitude of Investors When compared to conventional banks the performance of Islamic banks is more commendable because Islamic banks distribute higher profits. 80.9% of respondents said that Islamic banks distribute higher profits when compared to conventional banks in Pakistan [Hassan 2007: 210-17]. In same study we found that investors were prepared to take a risk in the case of Islamic banks, with 88.48% of respondents saying that they would continue their financial dealing with Islamic banks, even though the risk with these banks was higher than the conventional banks. 4. Conclusion and Expectations Soon after the independence of Pakistan several efforts and strategic measures were taken to induce and implication the Islamic principles in state affairs, such as: Efforts to introduce Islamic principles into the constitution. At theoretical level, several debates were held focusing on the elimination of ribafrom the economy in these debated some unanimity was achieved. At institutional level, a number of constituent bodies such as the Federal Shariah Court, the Commission for the Islamization of Economy and the Council of Islamic Ideology were formed to formulate the suggestions and recommendations for the elimination of interest from the economy. Some important lessons have emerged from Pakistans experience through the Islamization efforts of the 1980s. First, the policy of transforming the financial and banking sectors in at once or in one-step did not brought the desired results. Most of the measures were later reversed or, at least, further enhancement of the Islamization of the economy was halted. Second, decentralization or privatization of state owned banks and financial institutions was initiated and measures to establish a market economy were adopted. This policy helped the government to get rid of loss generating financial institutions and allowed it to concentrate on the process of Islamizing the economy. Third, an evolutionary (step-by-step) process, rather than a revolutionary (at once or sudden) approach was introduced in order to nurture the acceptability and development of an Islamic financial industry. The State Bank of Pakistan wisely adopted a gradual approach to establishing Islamic banking in Pakistan. Und er this policy, Islamic banking is being promoted in parallel with the conventional finance industry, in an integrated, gradual and steady way. In addition, SBP allows conventional banks to set up Islamic banking subsidiaries or dedicated Islamic banking branches to offer a range of financial services. SBP has put into place a comprehensive and robust multi-tiered Shariah compliance mechanism to increase customers and investors confidence in the Islamic banking industry. The Shariahcompliance mechanism has three main pillars: a Shariah Board at SBP which approves policies and guidelines as well as fitting and proper criteria for its advisors; Shariah advisors in each bank to provide guidance to the bank staff and comfort to its customers on Islamic financial services; and a Shariah Audit System. Although the process of re-launching Islamic banking in Pakistan started just four years ago the assets share of Islamic banks in the overall banking sector of Pakistan is remarkable. Now Islamic banks in Pakistan have more than 3.2% of the total deposits of the countrys entire banking and financial sector. Islamic banks have more than 25000 borrowers now. These figures are noteworthy to show the prudential performance of Islamic banks because the risks involved are relatively different. Investors of Islamic banks face greater risks than investors of conventional banks. The progress of Islamic banks indicates that their popularity is growing and these banks are becoming attractive to investors. Furthermore, these banks have developed several new modes and instruments of finance and investments and now offer 75% of the financial instruments available at conventional banks. The present emphasis of the Shariah Advisory Board and the Islamic banks business development managers is on Shar iahcompliance. Keeping in mind the future of Islamic banks, it is hoped that this emphasis will shift to introducing a variety of financial instruments and modes of investment, and that continued financial development will increase the share of Islamic banks in banking and financial market. Presently, almost all Islamic banks are operating exclusively in the mega cities and big business centers of the country, but they are still noticeably absent from urban and rural areas where many potential customers with an urgent need for Islamic banking are waiting. It is suggested that opening operations in secondary and rural areas will foster the future development of Islamic banking.

Media s Influence On Gender And Gender Roles Essay

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In the gender stereotype, we commonly relate a boy with the color blue, and a girl with the color pink. Gender roles have been instilled in us from past generations, due to the way that society was. Gender labeling is still influenced today through children’s toysRead MoreBrainwashing Youth : How Advertising Influences Children On Gender Images1496 Words   |  6 Pages Brainwashing Youth: How Advertising Influences Children on Gender Images For advertising companies, the topic of advertising to children is one that is very controversial and could lead to a lot of debate on whether it is even ethical to do so. None the less advertisements continue to be aired and targeted towards a particularly vulnerable group: children. At a young age it is a critical time for children. They are not only developing their mental and physical capabilities, but they are also developing

Rhetorical Analysis Essay - 1480 Words

â€Å"Shitty First Drafts† by Anne Lamott, is a hilarious must read for junior high school students and any other aspiring writers. Her essay inspires comfort and confidence in writing a first draft. It concretes that all writers experience the â€Å"shitty† first draft. Anne Lamott wrote this instructional information in 1995, but it is timeless information. She blows the idea of writing an immaculate first draft out of the water. Anne supports the idea that bad first drafts will almost always lead to better second, third and final drafts. She symbolizes the first draft to be like a child. Where you put all your thoughts and emotions out there in words on paper, you go all over the place, you say all kinds of ridiculous things, and all with the†¦show more content†¦She writes, First theres the vinegar-lipped Reader lady†¦And then the emaciated German male†¦and there are your parents†¦and theres William Burroughs who all criticize her work (Lamot t 72). By using these satirized characters, it connects the reader as they feel that Lamott is thinking of them while writing. Lamott also uses pathos to capture the readers feelings and emotions. She allows the reader to feel as if they are not alone, and that she can relate. Also she uses cursing, to make it more informal and allows the reader relate more. She finds it difficult to write a first draft, and knows many others feel the same way, too. Pronoun usage is important in analyzing the rhetorical persuasiveness of Shitty First Drafts. A notable moment is when Lamott writes, They do not type a few stiff warm-up sentences and then find themselves bounding along like huskies across the snow (70). Automatically, Lamott uses they instead of I to get the direct connection with her audience. If she would have written they, perhaps Lamott wouldnt have come across as warm and affable as she does. The word they gives us, her readers, the sense that she is with us (not just writing about her own isolated case)—with all normal writers who do not sit down and write like Shakespeare on a first try. She is truly just trying to explain how it is not bad, in fact its good, to make a shitty first draft. Too often people get caught up by thinking thatShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesDevi Thapa LLD 100A October 22, 2017 Rhetorical Analysis of Social and Personality Development in Childhood article http://nobaproject.com/modules/social-and-personality-development-in-childhood Introduction Rhetorical analysis is important because it breaks down the writing into parts and then explains how different each parts work together effectively in relation to the topic, audience and purpose. 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Analysis of X Nursing Theory

Question: Write about theAnalysis of X Nursing Theory. Answer: Introduction The works of Florence Nightingale on the book "What it is and what it is not" published in the year 1859 forms the basis of defining a nursing theory (Alligood, 2014). Nightingale was of the opinion that a nurse is a professional with the mandate to manipulate the situation and environment to promote recovery and wellbeing of the patient (Alligood, 2014). Subsequently, since then, several theorists have come into existence. For instance, Nancy Roper liaised with other theorists such as Alison J. Tierney and Winifred W. Logan to develop the model of "Roper-Logan-Tierney model of living." The model is a nursing theory that finds meaning in explaining the activities of daily living as factors underpinning the assessment of a patient's care (Williams, 2017). Further, the Roper-Logan-Tierney model for nursing relates to the works of Virginia Avernal Henderson who is of the opinion that nursing interventions are focused on helping an individual perform activities that will improve his or h er health and largely help the patient to be independent (Arnold and Boggs, 2015). As such, the ideas in this article seek to illustrate the functionality of the Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing in promoting recovery and wellbeing within an acute health setting. Further, the paper will set a discussion on the different five factors that determine the patient's independence concerning daily activities. Finally, the paper will provide a succinct summary of the discussed ideas concerning the thesis statement as shown below. In Australia, the theory is more prevalent and is used as an assessment tool for analyzing patients' care. Moreover, the model is reported to be of significant role when establishing interventions to determine the quality of life of an admitted patient or a patient in an outpatient unit. Notably, the works of Erci, 2015 stipulate that the Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing define living within an acute health setting: and goes beyond the little planning strategy to boost independence within patients. The theory categorizes finding of a patients' living as dependent and independent factors: where dependent factors are things that require a medical practitioner to intervene for the patient to perform them whereas independent factors are characterized by the patient's ability to perform certain roles without help and being monitored. What is more is that Roper posits that the model should not be viewed as a checklist instead, it is a framework for the evaluation of patient daily livin g activities. The model assumes the theoretical aspect of note taking and establishes a patient-centered care plan to understand the physical, emotional, psychological aspect of the patient (Hill, 2015). Analysis of the changes in the patient's health provides the nurse with clues on whether the patient is improving or not hence allowing room for implementation of interventions relevant to the health condition presented with the patient. Furthermore, the activities of daily living according to the Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing include but are not limited to sustaining a secure environment, efficient communication, controlling body temperature, eating habits, mobility, and sleeping patterns (Mason, 2014). Also, depending on the level of acuteness within the health setting, factors such as sexuality and death are considered. Another key thing to remember is that the integration and assessment of the five different factors make the nursing model all encompassing and efficient. The factors include psychological, sociocultural, biological, politico-economic, and environmental. Psychological Factors Psychological factors include the cognitive ability of the patient towards coping up with the disease. Additionally, psychological factors express the emotion and the religious beliefs of the patient. According to the model, Roper is of the opinion that psychological factors allow the clinician to relate with the patient and understand his or her feelings, beliefs, and thoughts (Michl et al., 2013). Sociocultural Factors According to Moon, 2013 sociocultural factor is the role played by the family and community at large and determines the dependency level of the patient. Strata characterize social factors where class and status is of significant value. Culturally, traditional beliefs are analyzed to understand how the condition is perceived within the community. Moreover, the values upheld by the patient are assessed depending on the ability to perform certain daily activities. Biological Factors The biological aspect of the model attempts to explain the physiological activities of the patient. Notably, within an acute health setting, the nurses in charge assess the degree of severity of the illness. It is after analyzing the psychological and sociocultural factors that a nurse gets the past medical history and evaluates the biological factors with an aim to implement an intervention. Politicoeconomic Factors Politicoeconomic factors are described as the impact of government policies on the health care system. Additionally, the section analyzes the role played by political leaders in promoting or hindering access to quality health care. Importantly, the model finds meaning in evaluating the health care system in countries prone to conflict: by addressing issues related to policy making by the government officials and health managers. Moreover, it is to such evidence that the WHO report on the promotion of recovery and wellbeing within an acute mental health setting in the indigenous Australians (Parahoo, 2014). The works of W explains the term the "stolen generation" and indicates the side effects of eh regime to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders: marginalization and the brutal force associated with sexual child abuse brought about by colonialism led to trauma amid the native Australians. Environmental Factors According to Roper's theory, environmental factors are categorized as external factors that influence the daily activities of a patient: acting as promoters or inhibitors to access of quality health care (Townsend, 2014). For instance, amid the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders being confined in schemes and kids abducted acted as a catalyst to promoting trauma. Further, the sexual abuse and their lands grabbed indicate the role of environmental factors in determining the dependence and independence level of a patient. Impact of the Roper's theory of Nursing on Nursing Practice Today In the modern Australia, the federal government, state government, and the ministry of health are working together to promote recovery and wellbeing within acute mental health setting (Erci, 2015). Realization of the set goals calls for the establishment a medical platform that guides the nurses on how to help both indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. Therefore, adoption and implementation of the Roper's theory of nursing have seen the promotion of recovery amid the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders affected by trauma. For instance, the direct health care is an initiative by the Australian government aimed at reducing the gap regarding access to better health care, proper housing, and reduce unemployment ratio amid the native Australians (Masom, 2014). As such, several programs have been initiated to assess and improve the quality of life of the indigenous people of Australia. First, the "Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Chronic Disease Fund" is a government initiativ e program that has paid attention to details regarding Roper's theory of nursing as a platform to engage nurses with patients. Secondly, the "Australian nurse family partnership program" is a nurse-based program implemented across the Australian region with the aim of guiding and counseling families undergoing physical or emotional problems (Arnold and Boggs, 2015). Finally, the "nationally framework for recovery-oriented mental health services" is a platform through which nurses in Australia get to implement the Roper's theory of nursing and promote recovery and well-being to the diversity of citizens (Hill, 2015). The research is of significant value as it seeks to make use of lived experiences to assess the daily activities of a patient and implement an intervention. Therefore, it is evident that the Roper's theory of nursing has positively influenced the Australian health care system through provision of alternative mechanisms for engaging patients and nurses: where factors beyond vital issues are assessed. Using the Roper's Theory of Nursing in the Nursing Practice As a nursing student, one is expected to apply the theoretical aspect of nursing into practice. The main purpose is to describe several works of scholars about nursing theories. Moreover, in some instances, a nursing student will be expected to assess a patient in an acute health setting and make use of your learned skills from the Roper's theory of nursing to formulate an intervention. As such, the model prepares the nursing student for future work in a health setting. Additionally, the knowledge about roper's theory of nursing creates a platform for understanding of illness regarding its social, economic, political, and cultural value. Furthermore, implementation of the Roper's theory in nursing practice orientates an individual to pay attention to personal details that most physicians overlook. Again, as Roper asserts that the model is a national framework and it assumes the ethnic background of patients, a nursing student finds it relevant to address and treat illness regardless of the setting and the disease: the patients have the same needs. Conclusion To that end, it is possible to discern that adoption and implementation of Roper' theory of nursing allow engagement of nurses and patients with an aim to promote recovery and wellbeing. The five factors presented by the model ensure that a patient's needs are addressed in totality, and the best alternative is offered. Assessment of the daily living activities is a measure of the dependency and independence level. Therefore, there is a growing need for inclusion of practical lessons in the curriculum to support the implementation of nursing theory. References Alligood, M. R. (2014). Nursing theorists and their work. Elsevier Health Sciences. Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015). Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Erci, B. (2015). Nursing Theories and Models Applied to Vulnerable Populations: Examples from Turkey. Caring for the Vulnerable, 91. Hill, R. (2015). Assessment, Planning, Implementation and Evaluation (APIE). Essentials of Nursing Practice, 197. Mason, R. (2014). Incorporating injustice: immigrant vulnerability and Latin Americans in multicultural Australia. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 35(5), 549-562. Michl, L. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Shepherd, K., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013). Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults. Journal of abnormal psychology, 122(2), 339. Moon, J. A. (2013). Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Parahoo, K. (2014). Nursing research: principles, process and issues. Palgrave Macmillan. Townsend, M. C. (2014). Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis. Williams, B. C. (2017). The Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing. Nursing2017 Critical Care, 12(1), 17-20.

Tess of the Durbervilles Essay Example For Students

Tess of the Durbervilles Essay Tess is a young girl visiting her cousin Alec, who is of a higher class the Tess, Alec takes advantage of this and controls where they go and what they do. Hardy presents Alec as a scheming man and there seems something weird about him, Tess on the other hand is of completely different character to Alec, she seems like a vulnerable girl and has no control over what they do or where they go. In the first extract Tess comes over as very uneasy around Alec, for example when Alec called her a pretty girl she blushed, also Alec directs the conversation and answers in short sentences and in not much detail at all yes when they come and I suppose I have show this. I think that in this extract it shows that Tess has little or no power in the relationship, it shows this how Alec directs the conversation and how he gives Tess no chance to do what she wants to do as he shows Tess around the ground. We will write a custom essay on Tess of the Durbervilles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There is a lot of evidence in this extract that Alec treats Tess as inferior to himself, maybe because Tess isnt from as higher class background as himself or just because he is sexist and thinks that women are inferior to men. There is evidence of this when Alec asks Tess where do you live? What are you? This shows that the two characters are not at all close, you would think that if you had a cousin coming to stay you would find out who they were and know where they come from or even know them before. There is a point in the first extract where you see that Alec has and influence over Tess and what she does. When Alec tries to feed Tess the strawberry Tess says no.no Id rather take it in my own hand but it seemed like Tess had no choice whatever but to take the strawberry from Alec as he pushed it towards Tess mouth anyway. Yet again in extract two there is another point at which Tess is made to sound inferior to Alec, Tess says oh not at all sir, This shows that Tess respects Alec for being of a higher class to her. In this extract we learn a lot about the two characters. We learned that Tess is a lot younger than she looks Thomas Hardy showed this when he says that Tess had a fullness of growth, which made her, appear more of a woman than she really was. There is more evidence of Tess looking older than she is when Thomas Hardy says the tragic mischief of her drama one who stood fair to be the blood-red ray in the spectrum of her young life. In this extract Tess and Alec are set in a smoke filled tent. I think that Thomas Hardy has done this to make Alec seem a little more threatening towards Tess. There are a few points suggesting that Alec likes Tess as more than just a cousin, Hardy shows this by saying causing Alec Durbervilles eyes to rivet upon her as Alec looked at her. This is proof of my point as your eyes do not rivet upon someone who is a cousin of yours. Again in this extract there is a clue that Alec is of a higher class than Tess. It says that Tess full name is Tess Durbeyfield and Alecs name is Alec Durberville, this sounds like a posh and more of a higher-class version of the name Durbeyfield. The third extract is different from the other extracts as the style of the writing changes, the words used are longer and generally more difficult to read than the other extracts. I found that this made the extract harder and more difficult to understand. The tone of the extract changes when Alec says that Tess was doomed, at this moment you feel that the rest of the story may take a different route to what you may have first imagined. .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 , .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 .postImageUrl , .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 , .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929:hover , .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929:visited , .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929:active { border:0!important; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929:active , .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929 .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc64a7ba9e17c21c62dff61e84bef7929:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Corporate Downsizing Essay PaperExtract four is only a short extract but yet it tells so much about Alec .You learn that Alec may have thought that he was leading Tess on but didnt really care for her one bit. In the last extract Alec breaks out into a loud laugh and says to himself what a crummy girl this is another sign that Alec thinks upon Tess as inferior or of lower class to himself, that he was leading her on and didnt care one bit for her. Tess of the DUrbervilles Essay Example For Students Tess of the DUrbervilles Essay Setting is used powerfully in both Tess of the DUrbervilles and The Shipping News, and is, in my opinion, pivotal in rendering these two novels so resonant and beautiful. It is employed to expand and reinforce the moods of each phase of the narrative, as well as marking these different phases. The setting generates the atmosphere in which the characters exist, but more profoundly, it is used to symbolise and intensify the feelings and experiences of the protagonists.  Although written at different times by authors with very different literary styles, and set in places of extreme contrast- tranquil, lush Wessex set against grimy, degenerate New York, then bleak Newfoundland the novels share a remarkable degree of similarity. We will write a custom essay on Tess of the DUrbervilles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Both novels feature people with uneasy minds, people who are somehow unlike their peers, people who are searching ultimately for a sense of belonging. These characters, Tess and Quoyle, are strongly influenced by the ancestral myths which haunt their surroundings. They are trying to understand themselves in the context of these myths, and to understand the forces that have shaped their lives. Tess Durbeyfield discovers that she is a belated seedling of a decayed aristocratic family, the DUrbervilles. She is fooled into thinking that in finding her noble family, she will find love and nobility of spirit. Her story is one of disillusionment, when she realises too late that this nobility and pride of spirit she so craves is only to be found within her, and not in the outside world. She needs a sense of belonging; but receives only physical and emotional violation, and further alienation. Quoyle desires to comprehend the mysteries of unknown family, the dark lives of the big wild boogers that are his Newfoundland ancestors; he needs to define his place amongst these treacherous, primitive people. Unlike Tess, however, he finally discovers a sense of acceptance of his past, and an assurance of his own individuality in the context of his family history.  Proulxs use of symbolism is especially apparent in the place names within The Shipping News. The first chapter is introduced with a definition of a Quoyle a coil of rope that may be walked upon if necessary. Similarly Quoyle is a downtrodden, tyrannised character. His surname is the only name he is given throughout the book, a name that, significantly, connects him only to his ancestors and allows him no individuality. Quoyles town of residence before he moves to Newfoundland is Mockingburg. This name is representative of Quoyles experience there; it is a place that has served to emphasise his alienation and his lack of physical appeal: a great damp loaf of a bodyEyes the color of plastic. The monstrous chin It is a place where Quoyle lives a detached, unfulfilled and lonely life, a life that is indeed a mockery. It is no co-incidence, therefore, that Proulx chose Newfoundland as Quoyles new home; it proves to be the place where he rediscovers himself, a place where he is metaphorically reborn. However, this new place is no idyll, it is savage and harsh. The lives of its habitants are governed by the often-destructive elements; reflected in the place names Capsize Cove, Desperate Cove, Hell Rock names that imply existences punctuated by hardship, danger and misery. This is a place where people rely on the sea to survive, yet often die whilst using its resources. The intrinsic link between people and elementary forces, especially the sea, is demonstrated by the name Wavey. The relationship that Wavey and other inhabitants of Newfoundland possess with nature is one of struggle and opposition, whereas Tess is fundamentally linked to the landscape, but in that she is a natural being, a fragment of her natural environment. Hardy narrates her life in phases, like the moon. He employs landscape throughout his novel as a mirror image for his protagonists emotion. Her blissfully detached, unworldly childhood is set in the sleepy, warm Vale of Blackmoor, her magical love affair with Angel is set in the Eden-like, fertile valley of Talbothays dairy and her abject desolation and isolated sorrow are reflected by the barren, stripped landscape of Flintcomb-Ash. .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 , .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 .postImageUrl , .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 , .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192:hover , .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192:visited , .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192:active { border:0!important; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192:active , .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192 .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4c505f32dfa6a01b6173cfc6439a0192:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Top Girls EssayHardy writes using the conventional structure of his time. His power lies in his unparalleled ability to evoke landscape and mood in a deeply poetic manner. The ethereal descriptions, spectral, half-compounded aqueous light, are enchanting and lyrical,  The sky was dense with cloud, a diffused light from some fragment of moon  Hardy uses nature to great effect, employs it as a symbol in his work with understanding, tenderness and intimacy. He interprets nature so well because he has spent so long observing and contemplating it, perhaps during his rural upbringing. Imagery and symbolism are intrinsic to all Hardys novels. Dorothy Van Ghent called the echoing of experience in landscape a symbolism that, considered in itself, isastonishingly blunt and rudimentary. Yet the effect of Hardys writing is so, that the reader and critic alike disregard this rudimentary imagery. It is transcended by the elegance, beauty and power of his prose.  Hardys most lucid and tenderly beautiful description comes during the summer at Talbothays, when Tess and Angel are falling in love. He describes Tess with the intimacy of a lover: Minute diamonds of moisture from the mist hung, too, upon Tesss eyelashes, and drops upon her hair, like seed pearlsher teeth, lips and eyes scintillated in the sunlight  The lushness of the vegetation and the season itself echo Tesss fertility, her womanliness, her heightened sensuality:  A season when the rush of juices could almost be heard below the hiss of fertilisation  Hardy describes a scene where Tess listens to Angel playing his harp in the garden at the dairy, with deeply erotic language and imagery: The gardenwas now damp and rank with juicy grasstall blooming weedsgathering cuckoo-spittle on her skirtsstaining her hand with thistle milkrubbing off upon her naked arms sticky blights whichmade madder stains on her skin  The words used to describe the plants are sensual; damp, juicy, blooming, naked, and provoke images of nudity, passion and even sexual intercourse, especially when it is considered that the landscape is used throughout to parallel Tess.